Psychoanalysis of Psychology
When most people think of the word "psychology," they envision a person with a mental disorder or a therapist who treats such people. Actually, psychology, as a social scientific discipline, is the study of human thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, or emotional feelings. There are many different approaches to the study of psychology. Such approaches include Behaviorism, Cognitive Psychology, Social psychology, and Humanistic Psychology, but most focused on is Psychoanalytic Psychology, being popularized by Sigmund Freud. It is within this subdiscipline that psychologist study many of the aforementioned human characteristics.Sigmund Freud, Austrian neurologist, also founder of psychoanalysis, may be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. Psychoanalysis is a high influential method of treating mental disorders, shaped by psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes unconscious mental processes and is sometimes described as "depth psychology." His creation of psychoanalysis was at one time a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society.The psychoanalytic movement originated in the clinical observations and formulations of
Freud's free-association technique provided him with a tool for studying the meanings of dreams, slips of the tongue, forgetfulness, and other mistakes and errors in everyday life. The ego gives continuity and consistency to behavior by providing a personal point of reference, which relates the events of the past (retained in memory) and actions of the present and of the future (represented in anticipation and imagination). The person is protected from experiencing anxiety directly by the development of defense mechanisms, which are learned through family and cultural influences. The superego is the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates. Freud held that the patient's emotional attachment to the analyst represented a transference of the patient's relationship to parents or important parental figures. The existences of these patterns of adaptation or mechanisms of defense are qualitatively different in the psychotic and neurotic states. Violation of the superego's standards results in feelings of quilt or anxiety and a need to atone for one's actions. Most of his patients talk freely without being under hypnosis, Freud evolved the technique of free association of ideas. Freud's tripartite division of the mind into id, ego and superego became progressively more elaborate, and problems of anxiety and female sexuality received increasing attention. In the 1980s, Freud was associated with another Viennese, Josef Breuer, in the studies of neurotic patients under hypnosis. In the Freudian framework, conflicts among the three structures of the personality are repressed and lead to the arousal of anxiety. Other influential theorists have included Erik Erikson, Karen Honey, Erich Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivan. Later controversies, however, were over details of Freudian theory or technique and did not lead to a complete departure from the parent system. Freud held that those strong feeling, unconsciously projected to the analyst, influenced the patients capacity to make free associations. These mechanisms become pathological when they inhibit pursuit of the satisfactions of living in a society.
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