W. E. Duboise
During the time between 1877 and 1915, black Americans experiences many social and economic and political difficulties. Many African Americans supported the program of Booker T. Washington, the most prominent black leader of the late 19th and early 20th century, who counseled them to focus on modest economic goals and to accept temporary social discrimination. Others, led by the African-American intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois, wanted to challenge segregation through political action. Washington and Du Bois both have valid strategies; Washington believing that blacks could advance themselves faster through hard work than by demands for equal rights, Du Bois declaring that African Americans must speak out constantly against discrimination. During the 1870's, the principle of segregation by race extended into every area of Southern life, from railroads to restaurants, hotels, hospitals and schools. Any area of life that was not segregated by law was segregated by custom and practice. In 1873 the Supreme Court found that the Fourteenth Amendment (citizenship rights not to be ab
Du Bois felt that Washington's plan would cause blacks to give up "First, political power, Second, insistence on civil rights, Third, higher education of Negro youth. Washington believed that blacks in America needed pride in themselves in order to rise in a white dominated society. Education was the key to a diverse, multicultural society. Washington called for Negroes to give up higher education and politics in order to concentrate on gaining industrial wealth. He stated that it is only in the South that "a negro is given a man's chance in the commercial world," that the Negro race can only succeed until they learn dignity from menial farm labor. " While Dubois respected Washington and his accomplishments, he felt that blacks needed political power to protect what they had worked for. He grew up as a slave in Franklin County, Virginia, born to a white slave-holding father and a slave mother. His concern was for solidarity and self-help. Ferguson (1896) the Court found that "separate but equal" public accommodations for African Americans, such as trains and restaurants, did not violate their rights. One of these voices was that of Booker T. "If the meaning of modern life cannot be taught at Negro hearthsides because the parents themselves are untaught then its ideals can be forced into the centres of Negro life only by the teaching of higher institutions of learning and the agency of thoroughly educated men," wrote Du Bois.
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