Ouchi
There is a trend in Swedish companies to use team-based organisational design when striving for process orientation. The first question put forth in this paper is whether this design supports a process orientation. Since the teams usually are rather autonomous it is not obvious that they become integrated with other teams in the process. The second question put forth is if and how management control, in a broad sense, can support an integration of the teams. In an explorative field survey, aiming for an overview of the topic, eight industrial plants have been studied. Four of the cases are presented in this paper. Observations and conclusions are presented as follows; Firstly, the teams can become objects of suboptimization, but they can also support integration by creating empowerment with the employees. Secondly, there seem to be two basic modes of process orientation, one more mechanically and one more mentally focused. Not surprisingly, a mental mode seems to better support an integration of the teams. Thirdly, the control system used in one of the cases is compared with Ouchi's clan concept. Fourthly, the control mechanisms do seem to be of importance, either supporting or preventing a mental process orientation. One import
SteinhoffUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Understanding the organizational culture of a school requires one to uncover the assumptions - unspoken, taken for granted, in the preconscious - that give rise to organizational culture. , "Criteria for an Ethnographic Approach to Research in Schools", Human Organization, Vol. , Handbook of Small Group Research, Free Press, New York, 1962, p. Confusion really enters the scene, however, as educational enquirers begin to generate their own profusion of definitions. Note that all organizations have hybrid systems that contain elements of all three control mechanisms. The working definition of organizational culture, which is consonant with Schein's formal definition as well as many others in the literature, identified six such cultural elements, or assumptions, which overlap to form the distinctive culture in a school. But we would do well to remember that the personality metaphor is a psychological one: both Stem and Halpin were, after all, psychologists. , "School Reform: The District Policy Implications of the Effective Schools literature", The Elementary School journal, Vol. Through this instrument participants are asked directly to identify the metaphors that are, to them, descriptive of the history, the stories, the heroes and heroines, the rituals, and the behavioral norms of their schools. These unseen assumptions, of which the organization's members are generally unaware, form patterns but they remain implicit, unconscious, and taken-for-granted unless they are called to the surface by some process of inquir!y.
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Acceptance Essays
