Descartes is famed by is familiar notion, "I think therefore I am (Cogito, ergo sum.)." It is a conclusion he has reached in his second meditation after much deliberation on the existence of anything certain. After he discovers his ability to doubt and to understand, he is able to substantiate his necessary existence as a consequence. What we doubt or understand may not ultimately correspond, but we can never be uncertain that we are in the process of thought. This idea is a major component in Descartes’ proof of the external world. He relies on the existence of a non-deceiving God to ensure that an external world exists after calling it into doubt by the invocation of the dream argument. In this argument, Descartes suggests the possibility that none of our ideas are caused by external objects and therefore, such objects may not exist. He also raises the idea of a demon that may deceive us and allow us to perceive what is not really there. Although he assures himself of his own existence by his modes of thought, he remains uncertain of the reality of an external world. He doubts whether there is anything of material substance that provokes thought withi

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He also calls upon the dream argument in this instance. We as humans, consist of both and are therefore, dualistic creatures. Since I have already determined that God is not deceiving me nor my perceptions, my perceptions can be trusted as being actual. n him rather than it being conceived in his mind completely independent of anything else. But, the substances do not have any contact with each other. If my perceptions of material objects and an external world are actual, then they must exist. Both, he infers have God as their source because God, alone, exists independent of anything else. "I know by experience that these ideas do not depend upon my will, nor consequently upon myself, for often I notice them against my will. It can be divided into smaller and smaller components, but it, unlike the mind, has no consciousness. But, so long we continue to think and have consciousness, two plus two will always be four and a mile will still be a mile. It is after his proof of the existence of God that Descartes comes to accept that clear and distinct ideas can be trusted. Descartes then considers those reasons that have inclined him to believe these material things exist in the past.

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