Determinism
The modern philosopher in the quotation argues that Modern science is experimental because it uses the experiment to understand nature. According to him, this is true because nature can be explained by the cause-effect relationship. Modern science uses the experiment to prove events that are assumed to be true in advance. Before conducting the experiment we have assumptions or a theory in mind and we conduct experiment to prove them to be true. The theory itself, determines which experiment should be used and which results will be obtained. We get some results after experimenting, those results feed our theory. Based up on these theories we create new assumptions and from these assumptions a new theory is formed . Again to prove that newly formed theory we conduct experiments according to its own assumptions. Experiment turns into job of looking for answers to questions which come from the theory. Moreover those questions are dependent on assumptions. So we find ourselves in a circular reasoning when we are doing experiments. Here, experiment is done to confirm theory. There is no new innovation, we do experiment for finding out what's already there. Therefore, when the writer says "experiments are set up for th
Chance factor is not involved, so there is not only one outcome. Nature is not just a cause and effect relationship. In opposite to determinism nature does not have a structure of a linear relationship, it is non-linear so, cause and effect relation has minor place. In addition to that at any further point we can reduce to initial state. Bifurcation point is the starting point of chaos. Here chance and external effects come in. However this logic represents a basic limitation in the scientific description of nature because it excludes the chance factor, flexibility. After we analyzed the philosophy behind this logic we can see why this is a limitation to modern science in understanding of nature. In addition to these he builds the system of causes; formal, efficient, final, material. To sum up, according to determinists everything can be explained by simple unifying laws. Therefore the pattern is determined. In this manner the other possible outcomes are disclosed and we are focused on only theory. By this simple universal laws complexity of the world is reduced and only one future is expected. We cannot think beings independently from time and space as determinists do. Beside chaos theory Aristo's system also challenge the logic of determinism.
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