5 generations of programming languages
These languages were written in machine language, the semantics of these languages is very far from that of natural languages utilized by humans (no concessions are made for human frailties), hence making these first generation languages very esoteric to understand and write. As a result the programs were almost impossible to maintain because they were so prone to errors and when these errors surfaced, which was an extremely frequent occurrence. The errors were more difficult to track and correct than writing the program itself. Simple programs took extremely long periods of time to code, programs created and machine languages were not very portable, meaning they were extremely hardware dependant. Programmers needed a great deal of skill and specialized training, this made finding such programmers very difficult and the cost of hiring them astronomic. Because mainly scientist and engineers used the system, projects were mostly military sponsored, monitor screens were monochromatic and only command driven interfaces were available these systems were not very usable to the average man, however these languages suited their era in that, early computers ran vacuum tube technology and hardware design was in
These languages are standardized by the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) and ISO ( International Standard Organization). The user still has to know a little about the hardware, operations and limitations, however knowledge requirements and limitations are significantly less (in comparison to 1st and 2nd GL) allowing the programmer to focus on the problem at hand rather than on the low level system details. MOV R1 R2 means move contents of R1 to R2 Third Generation LanguagesThird Generation Languages are high-level languages, examples include Cobol, C, Ada, Basic and Fortran etc. Source-code libraries of system routines are provided online, by operating systems and by fourth generation applications, this has afforded programmers the luxury of reusing their code, or code provided by the system, where suitable and necessary. Programs are easier to write because 1: Complex functions no longer need to be coded they are already included in the language package e. 2: These languages utilized English like commands making them easier to understand. As a result one of their uses is programming device drivers. COBOL: (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was developed for use in the business community. Prototypes can be created quickly in these languages to stimulate intelligible responses from the future users of the system. its infancy, these computers would have obviously been unable to run more advanced programming languages. Since these programming languages are standardized, the programs written are generally independent of hardware. Ease of learning the language, improved portability and simplified debugging; led to reliability of systems and lower software development costs.
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