Before we begin our journey, we'd better acquaint ourselves with the meaning of logic. According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of logic is "the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference." Logic will let us analyze an argument or a piece of reasoning, and work out whether it is likely to be correct or not. We use logic because it also could show us the relationship between the parts of an idea and the whole idea. So if we use logic, we would be able to see a relationship between a few trees and the entire forest. If we apply logic to reasoning, there will be two kinds of approaches for us: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.
             Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the validity of the hypotheses with specific data- a confirmation (or not) of our original theories.
             Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a " bottom-up" approach. In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.
             Now it is time for us to talk about reading, which is one of the important skills in English learning. Our reading is a purposeful activity. Reading is to get meaning from a text. However, we are not passive as if the text could actively give meaning to us. We, as readers, might encounter difficulties in reading. For instance, sometimes w...