Russia
Throughout 1990 and 1991, Soviet-controlled institutions in Eastern Europe were dismantled. Soviet troops were withdrawn from Central Europe over the next four years--from Czechoslovakia and Hungary by mid-1991 and from Poland in 1993. By midsummer 1990, Gorbachev and West German chancellor Helmut Kohl had worked out an agreement in which the Soviet Union became a unified Germany within NATO. In November 1990, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most of the European states signed the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty also known as the CFE Treaty, which decreased the number of battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, artillery, and fighter aircraft. By the summer of 1991, the United States-Soviet relationship finally rose to better terms when Bush and Gorbachev met in Moscow to sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty also known as the SALT 1. Under SALT 1, for the first time large numbers of intercontinental missiles were outlawed. For his efforts to reduce superpower tensions around the world, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990. Domestic policy under Gorbachev was formed primarily under three programs, perestroika which means rebuilding, glasnost which means public voicing and demokratizatsiya w
Therefore, political conditions caused both Duma deputies and the president to make promises to increase spending. At the January 1990 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, also known as COMECON, several East European states called for the economic organization of the Soviet empire. In 1995 Russian national security representatives promised that NATO expansion would suspend Russian compliance with the CFE Treaty and make impossible Russian ratification of part two of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (SALT II). By 1995 privatization had gained a negative reputation with ordinary Russians. In 1992 Yeltsin began a reform called privatization which was converting the businesses from the government to private owners. SALT I, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks is a treaty which limited the United States and Russia to 1,600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (bombers, submarines, and intercontinental ballistic missiles--ICBMs) and 6,000 nuclear warheads each. Bush and President Yeltsin signed SALT II. In the mid-1990s, those threats combined with other health problems, a low birthrate, and a declining life expectancy to make Russia one of the least positive demographic profiles in the world. With tensions increasing between the center and the constituent republics, Gorbachev scheduled a national referendum in March 1991. The members of the State Duma (beginning in 1994, the lower house of the Federal Assembly, Russia's parliament) held elections in December, and Yeltsin was not sure he would be reelected in his 1996 presidential bid. By the end of 1993, more than 85 percent of Russian small enterprises and more than 82,000 Russian state enterprises, or about one-third of the total in existence, had been privatized. That treaty, which is based on the limitations of SALT I, would eliminate heavy ICBMs and ICBMs with multiple warheads, and the total number of warheads would be reduced from the nominal SALT I level of 6,000 to an actual figure between 3,000 and 3,500. On October 1, 1992, vouchers, each with a nominal value of 10,000 rubles (about US$63), were distributed to 144 million Russian citizens for purchase of shares in medium-sized and large enterprises that officials had designated and reorganized for this type of privatization. On December 25, 1991 the Soviet Union was over. Russia ratified a treaty called SALT I in November 1992.
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Acceptance Essays
