Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology is the study of changes in behavior during a lifetime. Many developmental psychologists study only a part of the life span. Most of these psychologists are chiefly interested in childhood and adolescence, the period between birth, and the early twenties. There are four main theories of child development that psychologists use in research on the behavior of children. The theories are; maturational theory, psychoanalytic theory, learning theory, and cognitive theory. The maturational theory states the principles of developmental change is maturation, which means ripening of the nervous system. The psychoanalytic theory is based on a theory by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, children are driven by impulse of sex and aggression. Children develop through an interaction between their needs, which are based on sexual impulse, and also the demands of their environment. The learning theory says that a child's development depends on experiences of rewards and punishments. The child has to learn certain responses like; speech, and attitudes from adults. Children can learn these responses by association of reinforcement. The focus of the parents is to arrange the environment so that it provides suitable rein
inferiority which is from 5 to 12 years of age. Erikson modified Freud's ideas, stressing the continual development of human beings throughout an eight stage life cycle. The sense of autonomy fostered in the child and modified as life progresses serves the preservation in economic and political life of a sense of justice. Stage four is industry, or accomplishment vs. This kind of crisis can occur when the adolescent struggles with inner conflicts before gaining a sense of purpose and moving into adulthood. Erikson developed eight stages of development have to be followed in order and one can not complete a stage and move into the next stage. The theories are primitive at first, but later become realistic after the child has and a chance to experience it. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The counter part of intimacy is distance, which is the readiness to isolate people or forces that seem to be too dangerous to one's own. He accepted many of Freud's theories, like the id, ego, and superego, and also Freud's theory of infantile sexuality. "No doubt my best friends will insist that I needed to name this crisis and to see it in everybody else in order to really come to terms with it myself," (Erikson 1975. Cognitive theorists emphasize the role of a child's natural motivation as a key factor in development. Erikson became widely known for his studies of the ideas of the adolescence identity crisis. Socially valued work and disciples are also expressions of generativity.
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