Spearman's Model and Gardner's
Spearman's Model and Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Charles Edward Spearman (1863-1945) studied psychology in Germany and received his PhD at Leipzig. Spearman is noted as a pioneer in psychology and believed in the two-factor theory of intelligence. He wrote his first paper outlining this theory in 1904 with Bernard Hart (Gregory, 1987). Spearman claimed that testing a persons abilites to complete tasks against expected outcomes could be measured and expressed in a mathemactical formula, that mathematical formula is now known as the Tetrad Equation. Spearman believed the results of this mathematical equation could be considered ones intelligence. Spearman believed each ability result could be divided into two factors; first, the general factor or other wise referred to as "g" and the second, the specific factor. The general factor states that if tasks required a similar ability the same expectance of results for one individual remains the same. And the variation of expectance from the ability to another is the specific factor. Spearman hypothesized that if a person did well on an intelligence test that the questions requiring a related task would be similar in score and
Gardner found these tests favorable in determing levels of Logical and Linguistical Intelligences. Number three, Musical Intelligence, having skill a in performing and recognizing a musical pattern. Number four, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, the ability to use you body or needed part of your body to complete a task or solve problems. for the tasks on the test that require a particularly different ability a specific factor is involved in acquiring the answer. Number two, Logical-Mathmatical Intelligence, the ability to solve math equations and solve problems. And finally the fourth group contains number seven and eight of Gardner's criteria. In order for Gardner to accept a type of intelligence it must meet eight criteria designed by Gardner. Though Garnder knew critism of supporting tests in measuring intelligence supported by Spearman, he felt it necessary to take these findings into consideration for labeling a muliple intelligence. Many psychologists disagreed with Spearman's Model of Intelligence. Number Six, Interpersonal Intelligence, a persons' ability to perceive intentions, motivation or desire of other persons. Nubmer one, Linguistic Intelligence, the ability to learn, speak and write language. Howard Gardner wrote of his first existence of this theory in 1979 on a grant from the Bernard Van Leer Foundation of the Netherlands (Gardner, 1999).
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