1. Introduction of DNA and Protein synthesis
             2. Transcription (Formation of messenger RNA)
             Introduction of DNA and Protein Synthesis
             In 1953, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin discovered that the structure of DNA is actually a double helix. In other words, the DNA ladder described above coils around itself somewhat like the cord of a telephone, as illustrated below.
             Fig. 1: Basic structure of DNA and bonding involved
             The specific base-pairing of DNA aids in the reproduction of the double helix when more genetic material is needed (such as during reproduction, to pass on characteristics from parent to offspring). When DNA reproduces, the 2 strands unzip from each other and enzymes add new bases to each, thus forming two new strands. This process is illustrated in the Access Excellence DNA Replicating Itself. Within this coil of DNA lies all the information needed to produce everything in the human body. A strand of DNA maybe millions, or billions, of base pairs long. Different segments of the DNA molecule code for different characteristics in the body. A Gene is a relatively small segment of DNA that codes for the synthesis of a specific protein. This protein then will play a structural or functional role in the body. A chromosome is a larger collection of DNA that contains many genes and the support proteins needed to control these genes.
             How does a gene code for a protein? Protein synthesis is a 3 part process that involves a second type of nucleic acid along with DNA. This second type of nucleic acid is RNA, ribonucleic acid. RNA differs from DNA in two respects. First, the sugar units in RNA are ribose as compared to DNA's deoxyribose. Because of this difference, RNA does not bind to the nucleotide base Thymine, instead, RNA contains the nucleotide base Uracil (U) in place of T (RNA also contains the other three bases: A, C and G).
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