French Revolution
On AUGUST 10, 1792, enraged Parisian men and women attacked the king's palace and killed several hundred Swiss Guards. The result of this journee was the radicalization of the Revolution. Louis and Marie Antoinette were forced to flee the Tuileries and took refuge in the Legislative Assembly itself. The royal family was placed under house arrest, and lived rather comfortably, but the king could not perform any of his political functions. Although the revolutionaries had drafted a constitution, now they had no monarch.By September, Paris was in turmoil. Fearing counter-revolution, the sans-culottes destroyed prisons because they believed they were secretly sheltering conspirators. More than one thousand people were killed. Street fights broke out everywhere and barricades were set up in various quarters of the city. All this was done in order to consolidate the Revolution - to keep it moving forward. On September 21st and 22nd, 1792, the monarchy was officially abolished and a republic established. The 22nd of September, 1792 was now known as day one of the year one. In December, Louis XVI was placed on TRIAL for violating the liberty of his subjects and on January 21, 1793, Louis was executed like an ordinary criminal. From this
There was price inflation, continued food shortages, and various peasant rebellions against the Revolution occurred across the countryside. With growing disenchantment with the constitutional monarchy, political factions developed with increasingly republican ideas. Along with vastly expanding the number of men serving in the armed forces, the produce of national industry was expropriated for use in the now total war effort. The rest were peasants and bourgeois who had fought against the Revolution or had said or done something to offend the new order. The Jacobins expanded the size of the army and replaced many aristocratic officers, who had deserted and fled abroad, with younger soldiers who had demonstrated their ability and patriotism. What is amazing is that only twelve men controlled the CPS, although the CPS was ultimately led by MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE (1758-1794). The days of the week were renamed and the Christian calendar was replaced by a new calendar. A The Thermidorean ReactionAs it happened, the coup against Robespierre and his associates was led by a group of dissident Jacobins, including members of the Committee of Public Safety. Victory on the battlefield had removed the pretext for maintaining the Reign of Terror. Some victims of the Reign of Terror, like Georges Danton, seemed too moderate to Robespierre and his colleagues, while others, like the sans-culotte leader Jacques Rene Hebert, seemed too extreme. An organ of the local Parisian government, the Commune, grew in power until it was able to "[dictate] policy to the elected representatives of the nation. The most urgent government business was the war. In June 1793, factional disputes with the Convention resulted in the replacement of the Girondins with the Jacobins, a far more radical group. Instead of a democracy the Convention established a war dictatorship operating through the Committee of Public Safety.
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