Mental rotation
Half-full or half-empty? Cognition and depression.The etiology of depression can be illustrated from biological defects or abnormality, personal characteristics, and environmental factors. Over the last three decades cognitive functioning of the depressed patient has come to be seen as an integral part of the depressive process. Numerous studies (Beck, 1974; Legeron, 1997) have focused on depressed patient's pessimism. The main focus of the current study, however, is on cognitive factors of depression. This essay will present and explain mechanisms of depression through a series of cognition studies and theories, among them are Beck's cognitive theory of depression, Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs), Attribution theory and Learned helplessness. The discussion is integrated from these theories to show how negative thinking style and perceptions, called schema are formed, and how the schema influences and affects the state of mood, leading to depression. Some personal characteristic differences are also examined to see why do some people go into a major depressive episode following a loss or setback while others do not. Beck's cognitive model of depressive vulnerability states that the unde
In prepubertal children, boys and girls are equally affected. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), Major Depressive Disorder may be preceded by Dysthymic Disorder (10% in epidemiological samples and 15%-25% in clinical samples). Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5-37. The role of thought suppression in the bonding of thought and mood. "Hardiness" refers to positive psychological characteristics, such as self-confidence and self-discipline, and involves a sense of commitment, a perception that difficulties are seen as a challenge that can be overcome and a belief that have control over the situation and life (Kobasa, 1979). The prevalence rates for Major Depressive Disorder appear to be unrelated to ethnicity, education, income or marital status. Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 87, 49-74.
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