heretability of attitudes
After researching and reading "The Heritability of attitudes- a Study of Twins" done by James Olsen, Philip Vernon, Julie Harris, and Kerry Lang, a study done to test how attitudes are obtained in our personalities, the results seem to prove a point thought of for many years: that genetics and the individuals environment are the causes for how they develop their attitudes on subjects. This goes to support the nature nurture discussion and proves that they both play a leading role in attitudinal development among children. To begin we see that, as stated previously s this study was done to test heritability and environmental effects of attitudes by testing 195 sets of monozygotic twins and 141 sets of same sex dizygotic twins. It was conducted to try and answer the question whether attitudes in individuals are inherited genetically, or are environmental effects the cause of peoples opinions and attitudes on various subjects and topics. Prior to the test the scientist's hypothesis was that attitudes are learned and caused by the environment and that attitudes develop through experience and are therefore determined by environmental factors (life experiences)
These three attributable forms compromise the bulk of how attitudes are vested in an individual. To be more concrete with this theory, the study showed that 35% of the attitudinal variances were linked to genetic factors, with the remaining 65 linked to environmental causes. For these measures, a model specifying additive genetic variance, non-additive genetic variance, and non-shared environmental variance was tested (ADE model). By asking certain questions in the surveys mailed out, there could be emotional damage done, but in reality the chances of this are rather minimal, as each participant gave informed consent regarding the study as well as being debriefed upon completion of the analyses. The obtained maximum-likelihood parameter estimates of these components were squared to form a2 (percentage of variance attributable to additive genetic factors-i. A second part to that question was "how strongly do you hold this attitude with possible answers ranging from 0 not at all strongly to 6 very strongly. upon calculation on these numbers he researchers then found how they related to each other by reading the coefficients found and interpreting them as either genetic, learned from environmental, or learned from non environmental. Related Research Other research that has been done includes heritability of attitude studies by Loehlin & Nichols, in 1976 and a study done that examined twins was completed by Perry in 1973 examined a sample of 84 pairs of twins (approximately half identical and half fraternal), who completed linked items assessing attitudes toward alcohol, cigarettes, and coffee. For those dependent measures in which the ratio of the MZ correlation to the DZ correlation was greater than 2, it was possible to test for nonadditive genetic effects (d)-that is, genetic influences resulting from an interaction of the two parents' contributions. I was also interested in the study as finding the cause of attitudes and various behaviors was of interest to me. However, through the study, evidence was obtained showing proof of attitudes being attributed to genetic factors. , genetic "main effects" from the two parents), meaning the parents genetic makeup's played a role in the study. Dependent variables and Independent variablesDependant variables or measures included participants of the study completing an attitude study at home and returning it by mail (it contained 30 targets regarding issues, activities, and social settings answers ranged from -3 extremely unfavorable to 0 neutral to 3 extremely favorable, in response to the name of the issue being questioned. The other 3 are incurred through the environment.
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