DESCRIBE AND EVALUATE PSYCHOLO
Kagan et al. (1978) defined attachment as:'An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow'.The first attachment we form is widely accepted by psychologists as being crucial for healthy development since it acts as a prototype for all future relationships, and though affectionate relationships may be established with any consistent caregiver, the most intense relationship occurs between child and mother/ or other main caregiver in the early stages of development.Socialisation is therefore essential to forming this type of relationship, bonding. But this is a two-way thing. Both child and mother have to be able to relate to each other, both must have the necessary skills needed. When either lacks the skills then attachment will be weaker or not occur at all. Even a newborn infant will interact with its mother, it will cry, smile, have eye contact and root therefore encouraging response from the mother. The child develops its attachment gradually. From 0-3 months is the pre-attachment phase, showing the infants preference for humans over other objects. Preferential looking and social smiling sh
The monkeys were raised from birth with two surrogate 'mothers'. Asher (1987) stated that some infants are more intense and anxious than others. Bowlby (1951), influenced by ethological studies on imprinting, suggested that infants were programmed to form monotropic (to a single person only) attachments, within a critical given time. Having now proved that attachments were essential to infants the next step would be to look at the quality and types of attachments. BIBLOGRAPHYGROSS,R. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found that infants do become attached to people who do not perform care-giving activities. 1997 Developmental PsychologyLondonHodder & StoughtonEducationalHill,G. He said that mothering would be useless if it was delayed until after two and a half to three years for all children and useless for most if delayed until after one year. The cognitive theory, as suggested by Shaffer (1971) points out that infants form attachments once they can reliably distinguish one care-giver from another. The indiscriminate attachment phase occurs from 3-7 months, distinguishing people and allowing strangers to handle it. But, regardless of which one fed them, all monkeys became attached to the terry towelling one. Other researchers however have challenged these findings. Therefore sensitive mothers have securely attached babies' and insensitive ones have insecurely attached babies'. Distressed by her departing, not easily comforted by mother on her return, may resist comfort by stranger and mother.
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Acceptance Essays
