Language
1. What is language (sounds, symbols, a complex system, speech and writing) Language defined in simplest terms is a system of communication usingvocal symbols. Although its origin will never be fully known the oldestwritten symbolic language known is only 7,900 years at most. Spokenlanguage is believed to have been developed long before that. Linguistsdivide the study of spoken language into two categories, phonology andgrammar. Phonology is the study of sounds. Grammar is how the sounds are Human language is a symbolic communication system that is learned, ratherthen an inherited trait, such as barking. Symbols in the form of soundshave been arbitrarily assigned meanings. For instance, the English word"rock" does not in any way physically resemble the object it stands for.All symbols have a material form but the meaning cannot be revealed bysimple sensory inspection of their forms, they are abstractions. Speech and language is not the same thing. Speech is a term that refersto patterns of verbal behavior. The rules of how the symbolic sounds,(words), are spoken in order to communicate meaning constitutes a language.
(Dalby 1999) Because of assigned meanings to various parts of speech and words inlanguage, control, socialization, thought, and feelings are all conveyedvia the spoken and written word. Language Varieties (historical, geographical and social dialect; register: age, sex, status, role; topic, medium, style) Different languages have developed world wide because of manycontributing factors such as the role historical interactions betweencultures have played. 4 Appropriateness and error (Communicative competence, mistakes, errors,teaching model) In order to have attained a level of communicative competence aspeaker must not only understand and retain grammatical competence but mustalso understand how the language is used by members of their speechcommunity if they wish to communicate effectively within that group. If that same personattempts to communicate with his peers in that environment with the form oflanguage used by the dominant culture, (proper English instead of Ebonicsfor example), he may find himself ostracized and shunned by those in hiscommunity. Writing can involve abstract symbols that have no connection tothe sounds that they represent other then assigned or understood values. Forms of punishment may include a parent not respondingto a childish speech error, reinforcing the idea that the attempted patternspeech or pronunciation is produces no response, or a parent may correctthe error. Children are socialized early on to what is acceptable andunacceptable behavior in their respective communities. The Brits of theNorth Country have very distinct, and to some American listeners,unintelligible accents. The country isrelatively small relative to the United States, however a person with apracticed ear can hear vast differences in grammar, syntax, accents, andword choice over a relatively small distance of travel. They range from millions ofpeople speaking the same language all the way down to a few dozen or less. Alternatively, it can have its basis in pictographic symbolism, such as oldChinese writing, and even cave paintings found in various parts of theworld. Verbal control can alsoconstitute a psychological attempt to mold and/or hold another person orpersons under a persons influence through force of personality. Each of these guidelines should contain the following parts: List of objectives considered appropriate for learners of that stage in relation to the aspect of communicative competence in focus A list of strategies the learner can use to achieve these objectives A list of language learning techniques to implement the strategies A list of language learning activities to implement the strategies (Source: http://www.
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