Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist famous for his pioneering studiesof the development of thought processes, particularly in children. He isgenerally considered to be one of the most important figures in moderndevelopmental psychology and his work has had a great influence oneducational theory and child psychology. He received many internationalhonors for his work, including seven scientific prizes and 25 honorary Piaget was born on 9 August 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Hepublished his first scientific article about an albino sparrow when he wasonly 10 years old, and by the age of 15 he had gained an internationalreputation for his work on molluscs. Subsequently he studied at theuniversities of Neuchatel, Zurich and Paris, obtaining his doctorate fromNeuchatel in 1918. His interest then turned to psychology and he spent twoyears at the Sorbonne researching into the reasons why children failintelligence tests. The results of this research gained him thedirectorship of the Institut J.J. Rousseau in Geneva in 1921. During hissubsequent career Piaget held many academic positions, some of which
(Piaget & Garcia,1989) Piaget's work on concept formation in children falls into two mainphases: an early phase (from 1924 to 1937) in which he established thebasic differences between thought processes in children and those inadults, and a late phase (after 1937) in which he carried out detailedinvestigations of thought development and evolved his theories aboutconcept formation in children - his best-known work. Piaget theorized that cognitive development proceeds in fourgenetically determined stages that always follow the same sequential order. In his early work Piaget showed how radically different are the mentalprocesses of children from those of adults: according to his theory - whichresembles Sigmund Freud's ideas about the development of the Id, Ego andSuperego - children's mental processes are dominated by an egocentricattitude, being influenced mainly by the wishes and inner needs of thechild, but as the child develops, its thinking becomes increasinglydominated by the influence of the external environment. Awareness (Piaget, 1976; Sinclair, 1978)and the use of small connecting words help children move from one level ofunderstanding to the next. Asteachers think about learning, they need to understand, respect and valuethe role of children's friendships and social worlds in the learningprocess. He admitted, however, that "looking for ideas about giftedness (in Piaget'swork) is a little like looking for ideas about God from an atheist"(Feldman, 1982), because Piaget did not seek unique achievement. The authorsexamine aspects of Piaget's scientifically based theory that are not wellknown, yet are instrumental in explaining children's growth inunderstanding from birth through adolescence. Rather,Piaget identified the four familiar universal stages of development inwhich children understand the world differently. Piaget died in Geneva on 16 September 1980. Play and experimentation can be used to resolve children's conflictsabout complex aspects of language. He also held several positions with UNESCO at various times duringhis life. In 1955, with the help of theRockefeller Foundation and the Swiss National Foundation for ScientificResearch, Piaget founded the International Centre of Genetic Epistemologyat Geneva University, which he continued to direct after he retired in1971. In the primary grades, children can be taught simple codes ofbehavior. The pre-operationalstage lasts from the age of two years to the age of seven years. Piaget's notion that children are social beingswho do not develop "in cognitive isolation from others," discusses theinfluence of friendship and popularity on children's understanding.
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