"Knowledge Management in Research and Development" by R. Chapas et.
             al. provides an analysis of the importance of knowledge and cultural
             management within organizations, particularly in the business
             setting/environment. These two factors are discussed in the article
             because of recent studies illustrating the vital role that knowledge
             management and cultural diversity play in the development of intra-
             organizational communication and interaction. Further, knowledge and
             culture have significant relationships with each other, influencing the
             kind and effectiveness of management within the organization.
             The authors trace the shift of focus of business organizations from
             being skills- and asset- to knowledge-orientedâ€"that is, "[h]istorically,
             the focus was on capabilities involving tangible assets; now, knowledge is
             widely recognized as the source for competitive advantageâ€" Indeed, the
             development of businesses from being quantitative to qualitative resulted
             to the valuation of knowledge, where information becomes vital for the
             company, with the formulation of new ideas and concepts coming from the
             The essence of knowledge and its relationship in organizational
             management is, more than a set of ideas and concepts, "the capability to
             add value to the organization (or individual)." This means that there is
             reciprocal relationship between employer and employee in the exchange of
             knowledge and information: while the employee benefits from the
             organization's recognition of his/her idea, the organization, in turn,
             benefits from the success and ingenuity of the employee's idea(s).
             The article also differentiates between knowledge management and
             "facilitating knowledge flow": while the latter focuses on monitoring and
             appropriately channeling incoming knowledge to their specific destinations
             or uses, knowledge management refers to
             ...