B.F. Skinner's theory, positive reinforcement
In B.F. Skinner's theory, positive reinforcement is defined as apresented stimuli that works to increase or strengthen the probability of aresponse. An example of this would be a food treat for a dog in return forsitting behavior. A negative reinforcement is defined as the removal ofstimuli that acts to increase or strengthen a response. An example of thiswould be yelling at a child to stop crying, and having the crying behaviorstop. While the action of yelling was negative, the response was positive,in that the child stopped crying, thus increasing the likelihood that aperson will yell to get the child to stop crying. Punishment is defined asan action to temporarily repress behavior, such as the removal oftelevision privileges for a child who fails a class. This "punishment"would temporarily serve as a repression to the behavior of receiving bad Walden II, B.F. Skinner's world of utopia, is a model illustration ofwhat needs to be done in order for humans to be happy, rather than justfurthering the happiness of the ruling class or the majority. The ideathat humans are born with nothing, that we are then the product of ourhistory, and thus, that we learn all the problems we
Retentionrefers to the idea that, to learn a behavior, you must be able to rememberthe behavior later. In other words,people tend to expect failure if they are already afraid or anxious aboutan event. If one cannot reproduce the behavior, it is not possible tolearn it. Attention variables refer to the idea that, inorder to learn anything, one must first be paying attention to thebehaviors that one is trying to learn. Thus,when I meet someone new, I am predisposed to believe that person is a niceperson. Learning vicariously through others also influences self-efficacy. Those variables are attention, retention, production, andincentive, or motivation. This modeling has encouraged my growth in that I havecontinuously sought out and achieved my goals as a person. For example, a teenager will choose models they admire, basedon the values they possess. When a person has high self-efficacy about a behavior, thatperson is more likely to engage in the behavior. Hostility is the result of acontinued effort to validate a type of social prediction when thatprediction has already proven incorrect. For example, if someone near youhelps a small child across the street, you can learn altruistic behavior. Bandura's theory of modeling can be seen in my own personal growth asan individual. While the good grade is theprimary reinforcement, the praise acts as a secondary reinforcement. Finally, emotional arousal influences efficacy inthreatening situations.
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