Ernest Hemingway: A Critical Biography
Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1962) is considered to be one of the greatest American authors of the 20th century. Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence, was a physician, and his mother, Grace, had aspired to be an opera singer before her marriage but now gave voice and music lessons. As a child and adolescent, Hemingway lived a typical middle-class, and relatively privileged life. The family took summer vacations each year on Lake Walloon in Michigan ("Ernest Hemingway", Wikipedia, June 15, 2006) and it is here that Hemingway learned from his father, an outdoorsman, to hunt, fish, and enjoy nature (Baker; Brien; "Ernest Hemingway"). Hemingway's love of nature and the outdoors, established early on in his life, is reflected in much of his fiction, including his first published short story collection In Our Time (1925), which contains Hemingway's well-known story of the Michigan outdoors, "Big Two-Hearted River" ("Ernest Hemingway"). Among Ernest Hemingway's most famous and widely-read literary works are his first novel The Sun Also Rises (1926) (published in Britain the same year as Fiesta) (Baker), set in post-World War I Paris and Spain; his novel of the
Hemingway was married four times in all: first to Hadley; second to Pauline; third to the author Martha Gelhorn; and finally, at the time of his death in 1961, to Mary Welch ("Ernest Hemingway"; Baker; Brien). Ernest Hemingway as a person was clearly a complex; troubled; often depressed, and probably (despite his outer bravado) insecure individual. Although Ernest Hemingway was born into a religious Protestant Midwestern family (Baker), he himself was not religious and in fact often rebelled, as is frequently reflected in his fiction and other writing, against religion and other social institutions (Brien). Hemingway's physician father, Clarence Hemingway, "took his own life, for example, troubled with diabetes and financial instabilities, committed suicide using an old Civil War pistol. , the daring (for the early 20th century) sexual explicitness and/or clear sexual inferences in his first novel The Sun Also Rises (1926), and some of his short stories, e. Clarence Edmonds Hemingway killed himself in 1928 after suffering from depression. He married four times; traveled often and widely; lived and wrote in several; different countries, including France and Cuba; engaged in a number of vigorous outdoor sports including big game hunting and deep sea fishing, and suffered severely later in life from severe mental problems, including depression and possible bipolar disorder ("Ernest Hemingway", Wikipedia, June 15, 2006). These severe mental problems, for which Hemingway received shock treatments at one point, may have caused him to take his own life in 1961, during a bout of severe depression (Baker; Brien). In Jake Barnes's case, however, Hemingway's character's war wounds interfere with Jake's ability, now, to make loved to a woman, while Hemingway's own shrapnel wounds were only in his legs and knees (Brien) Within Ernest Hemingway's World War I novel A Farewell to Arms, the protagonist and mouthpiece, a young cynical American World War I soldier, Frederic Henry, who is fighting for Italy on the Italian Front, might best be described as the "strong silent type", that is, a character much like Hemingway himself. Ernest Hemingway himself lived a varied and often tumultuous life. Later, though, Agnes von Kurowsky became the inspiration and prototype for Catherine Barkley. Hemingway had three sons in all, one son, named John Hadley Nicanor, by his first wife Hadley, and two more sons, Patrick and Gregory, by his second wife Pauline (Brien). Hemingway's terse and economical writing style also remains much admired, and is often imitated, due to its deceptive simplicity, by aspiring writers (Brien).
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