Literature Geared Toward a Global Culture
Theories of management and what is considered to be the most effective and successful management methods change quite often however, as the new global culture becomes the norm in organizational culture and management considerations it is important to explore what information has been gleaned thus far and applied in effective and successful hands-on management in organizations that are culturally diverse. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE Authors Ekenvall and Gao state in the work entitled: "Culture's Impact Upon Co-Workers' Perceptions and Behavior" published in the International Management Journal that: "The world economy is becoming globalized; new blocs and relationships emerge, which affect the business environment. New market conditions, such as the integration of the European Union (EU)) and the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), creates opportunities for organizations to expand their international operations. This means that co-workers from different parts of the world are given the possibility to meet and interact more frequently than before. Additionally new communication technology has brought people closer together, since contact can more easily be accomplished by the new innov
research has demonstrated that, in interpreting the behavior of others, perceivers are deeply influenced by preexisting beliefs and schemas regarding race (e. , Armstrong, 1996), information decision science (Bryan, McLean, and Smits, 1995), and other business disciplines. social classification and schematic confirmation processes have also been shown to have a profound influence on organizational outcomes such as success and advancement in organizations. Cited as important within the organization for cultural integration is:(1) openness; (2) concern and empathy for others; (3) effective communication; (4) collaborative conflict resolution and constructive interaction; (5) tolerance;(6) sharing of goals and common purpose. This can be further explained by social validated knowledge which are the shared beliefs about ways of perceiving, thinking and doing which we assume to be appropriate in terms of objective reality. two broad opposite approaches that often guide managers in managing diversity issues" (1999) One of these approaches is referred to as the 'universalist' approach which has as its' emphasis that the basis of justice is the similarity or the sameness or equality of treatment within the organization. Knowledge and theories are embodied in the meaning of categories and these are collectively produced. " (Ibid)SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe literature relating to management of a global culture in an organization is lengthy and one cannot hope to make a review of but a small part of this literature and report the same within the scope of this present research however, it appears that the theoretical framework of Hofstede, which is empirical in nature is presently guiding the organizational shift worldwide as the shift is made to cultural diversity that is accepted and even embraced. The framework is one proposed by Homans (1961), Blau (1964) and Emerson (1972a,b) forming the "foundation of contemporary social exchange theory.
Common topics in this essay:
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Environmental Factors,
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