Terrorism History
The act of terrorism can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. when Jewish rebel groups, known as Zealots, attacked Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman property (History 2005). The term assassin dates to 1090-1275, when a Shi'ite Muslim sect, known as Nizari Isma'ilis, fought Sunni Muslims and during the Medieval Christendom resisting occupation during the Crusades, 1095-1291 (History 2005). The Nizari Islma'ilis spread terror in the form of murder, including women and children; this brotherhood of Assassins committed terror in order to gain paradise and seventy-two virgins if killed (History 2005). It was 1793-1794, during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, that the modern development of terrorism began and the term 'terrorism' was first coined (History 2005). Over the past two centuries, terrorism has been used by various groups to achieve political goals and has become a tool for liberation, oppression, and international global politics (History 2005). There are as many definitions of terrorism as there are terrorists groups. One scholar defines terrorism as a term constructed during the European Enlightenment Era, and is used to inspire and mobilize the national soul and establish the sovereignty of political boun
Embassy in Beirut, killing 63, and six months later, another truck bomb destroyed the buildings that housed the Multinational forces in Lebanon, killing over 300, mostly American and French soldiers, and resulting in the withdrawal of peace-keeping forces from Lebanon (Perera). These attacks, now referred to as 9/11, resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000 people (Perera). For five days in October 1977, Palestinian RAF members kidnapped a Lufthansa plane for the purpose of exchanging passengers for imprisoned leaders, however the plane was stormed by German special forces in Mogadishu, Somalia (Terrorist). The group consisted of roughly 122 core members and some 250 militant sympathizers; in April 1998, the Red Army Faction announced that it was disbanding (Terrorist). According to Rapaport, the last and current wave of terrorism was ignited by two related events: the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran and the collapse of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1989, and unlike the previous waves of terrorism, this wave has religion rather than political ideology as its foundation (Wave 2002). On February 26, 1993, al-Qaeda member, Ramzi Yousef, detonated a car bomb in the underground parking lot of Tower One of the World Trade Center in New York, killing six, most of whom were Port Authority officials (Perera). Al-Qaeda is also known as The Base, Qa'idat al-Jihad, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Salvation Foundation, and the Osama bin Laden Network (Terrorist). In 2002, Chechen rebels had held Russians hostage in the infamous Moscow theater siege, in which over 150 were killed after Russian security forces stormed the building and killed all 41 terrorists (Perera). 7 billion compensation to the victims' families (Perera). embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Tanzania, killing 220 and injuring 5,000 (Terrorist). Political scientist David Rapaport refers to these anarchists as the first wave of terrorists in the modern era (Wave 2002). The nature of terrorism is indiscriminate and indirect, meaning that the people who are killed are not specifically targeted and are of no importance to the terrorists, they are of no consequence but the fact that they are killed is of consequence (Nature 2005).
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