The Developmental Stages of Children-Erikson's Model of Emotional, Intellectual, Physiological and Social Domains
Rather than purely focusing on a child's sexual or neurological stages of development, like Freud and Piaget, Erik Erikson attempted to present a more holistic model for analyzing childhood development ("Piaget's Stages of Social-Emotional Development In Children and Teenagers,"1998, Child Development Institute). Erkison's approach is uniquely helpful for educators today. Erikson "describes the physical, emotional and psychological stages of development and relates specific issues, or developmental work or tasks, to each stage" (Patient Teaching, Loose Leaf Library: Springhouse Corporation, 1990). Ultimately childhood education is about setting tasks-setting tasks for the student to complete to facilitate understanding, and setting tasks for the teacher to become a quality educator. Erikson called the full range of his stages "eight stages of man" (or human being), taking his cue from Shakespeare's famous "All the world's a stage" speech, which reflects the many roles and conflicts human beings engage in over the course of their individual lives. Erikson's literary bent shows that his theories were formulated, not through experimental work like Piaget, but through his wide - ranging experience in psychotherapy, "including extens
During this phase, the child who successfully experiences and endures this stage of crisis will gain a sense of autonomy, self-esteem and assuredness. Like Freud, Erikson viewed each stage of development as a crisis, but not a purely psychological or personal crisis confined to the family environment or pertaining to sexuality (Wagner, 2007). Erikson coined the term to describe these struggles as a series of "psychosocial crisis" points, each of which arises and demands resolution. Children must learn the rewards self-mastery and discipline on an intellectual and social level, and learn to physically contain themselves, restricting bodily functions through toilet training, a crucial step much emphasized by Freud (Wager, 2007). However, the mistrusting child will doubt the future. The child who, because of his successive and successful resolutions of earlier psychosocial crisis, is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily enough to be industrious. Similarly, a preschooler who is made to feel that the activities he or she initiates are bad may develop a sense of guilt that inhibits the person later in life" (Patient Teaching, Loose Leaf Library: Springhouse Corporation, 1990). Badly handled, he becomes insecure and mistrustful" ("Stages of Social-Emotional Development in Children and Teenagers,"1998, Child Development Institute). The shame - and guilt-filled child will experience defeat and inferiority" ("Stages of Social-Emotional Development in Children and Teenagers,"1998, Child Development Institute). "If an infant's physical and emotional needs are met sufficiently," the infant completes his or her first task in life developing the ability to trust others, and learning how to do so in an appropriate fashion that will allow him or her to learn from others"(Patient Teaching, Loose Leaf Library: Springhouse Corporation, 1990). The child, well - handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. A person who is stymied this attempt at task mastery may, like the mistrustful infant "go on to the next state but carries with him or her mind the remnants of the unfinished task. When the child has finally entered preschool or kindergarten, the child will have entered the "Learning Initiative Versus Guilt" stage, which Erikson calls "the play age, when healthily developing child learn "to imagine, to broaden his skills through active play of all sorts, including fantasy" ("Stages of Social-Emotional Development In Children and Teenagers,"1998, Child Development Institute). Many children may resort to negative methods of asserting themselves, such as tantrums-hence the phrase the 'terrible twos'" (Patient Teaching, Loose Leaf Library: Springhouse Corporation, 1990).
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