Durkheim and Suicide
Durkheim uses the concepts of culture and social structure to explain variations in suicide rates between different groups. Sociological investigations seek social-structure models of influences on suicide, including family, culture, religion, occupation, socioeconomic class, and groups or organizations, typically derived from applying ecological and epidemiological methods to investigate relationships of suicide rates to social-demographic factors and secular variations. Durkheim distinguished 3 types of suicide, based essentially on social roles -- egoistic, altruistic, and anomic (arising from angry frustration). Absent or negative social relationships also can be associated with suicide by involving loss of support or involvement in toxic relationships or cults. Although social isolation and material or emotional deprivation seem to play a fundamental role in suicide, multifactorial biopsychosocial models usually are favored today, and they offer the most comprehensive available theoretical models. Global influences. Massive global changes in the 20th century had little overall effect on international suicide rates, although, paradoxically, shifts in suicide rates have been greater in countries relatively protected from
3/100,000) is nearly double that of black and other nonwhite men. [46,70,157] Social factors contributing to suicide risk usually are found in family and other intimate relationships and friendships, work, social class, ethnic groups, religion, and living environments. Massive global changes in the 20th century had little overall effect on international suicide rates, although, paradoxically, shifts in suicide rates have been greater in countries relatively protected from wars and economic disasters, and increases have occurred selectively in countries that had relatively low rates in 1900. Relationships of suicidal behavior and employment status have been inconsistent and suggest that unemployment is less stigmatized during times of general economic recession. For example, Catholic countries have had striking recent increases in suicide rates that are attributed to better data collection and greater acceptance of religious funerals for suicides. There is a consistently lower frequency of suicides among married persons with dependent children, perhaps due to an increased sense of responsibility as well as selection bias associated with relatively healthy and successful adaptation. [154,155] Other authors dispute the importance of this effect, usually based on negative empirical findings. [136] Unexpectedly, a recent Finnish study found more suicides in both men and women during a period of economic growth and a decrease during a recession. Suicide is more frequent at both extremes of the socioeconomic spectrum, and there is increased risk following sharp changes of status -- up or down. The US suicide rate for white women (4. For the most part, however, both world wars were associated with decreased suicide rates in winning, losing and neutral countries alike. Suicide, although an extremely personal decision, may be influenced by social forces including imitation. Absent or negative social relationships also can be associated with suicide by involving loss of support or involvement in toxic relationships or cults. [67,146] In Europe, the suicide rate for Finno-Ugric peoples is twice the European average; the rate in Anglo-Saxon countries is close to the average, whereas in Mediterranean countries the rate is one third below average. Romantic literature contains many examples of suicide for romantic reasons or imitation.
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