The Transformation of Gender R
The Transformation of Gender Roles in the Middle EastThe increased interaction of Europe with in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century caused the region to reexamine its military, political, and social structures. The desire of the Ottoman Empire to regain its status as a world power led to questioning if the partial adoption of European ideals and infrastructure was required to modernize the region. Concerned with forming a modern military, the Ottoman Empire sought advice and financial assistance from France and Britain. Military defeats stirred questions pertaining to the layout of the Ottoman political, economic, and social conditions. This initial concern led to increased interaction with Western style social and educational systems. Educational missions to Europe and the European occupation of the Middle East and North Africa created avenues for the exchange of social values and customs. Western influence from France and Britain sponsored ideas with in the Ottoman Empire that reform of gender roles in society was necessary. Pressure for this reform emerged from many sources; external influence through the instruction of occupying Western Civilizations and the internal influence of the elite and rising educate
However, the mass of the population was uneducated and held close to the traditions and social norms of the time. Neither of these institutes upheld a written law which denied women from achieving higher standings in society. Women's role in the Empire revolved around finding a husband and then catering to the needs of their family, especially their mate and male children. Influence of western cultures caused reform to the Ottoman judicial system. This contact with Europe fostered questions with in the visiting men of the roles of men and women in their home lands. The debate of gender roles raged through the 19th century and was more intense in the last two decades. Arguments were formed that an educated woman could make better decisions and be more productive in their daily duties. He constructed his argument for the advancement of women based on legal and religious doctrine. The dispatch of students from Istanbul and Cairo to Paris and London to study French, English, and other subjects increased interaction between the two cultures. One could argue that, if the Ottoman Empire had been more homogenous the change of gender roles could have occurred faster or would not have happened at all. This aspect was also critical to improving communication, trade, and control of the nations who occupied the region. Women who were allowed to attend such events usually took on an inactive role. Social functions and ceremonies revolved around male interests. For France and Britain it seemed that the adoption of European social ideals was crucial to developing the Middle East and Africa. Quasim Amin, a French-educated lawyer, was an advocate of bringing about reform to the social standing of Egyptian women.
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