Durkheim theory
Compared to other intellectuals, Durkheim had a different question in mind that guided his analysis and therefore each painted a significantly dissimilar picture of the division of labor and its outcome on society as a whole. "Although the division of labor is not new, it was only at the end of the eighteenth century that societies began to be aware of the principal to which, until then, they had been subject almost unwittingly"(p.34).The French sociologist Emile Durkheim was fascinated in explaining the principles upon which stability and social order were built. Durkheim concentrates on the role of social actors, that is, on what they do. He observes social phenomena with regard to their function in creating social cohesion and his key point is that the division of labor attends to generate social solidarity. He studied the division of labor, religion and suicide from this standpoint. The purpose of this essay is to provide a brief summary of The Division of Labor in Society and discussion some criticism of his work in the conclusion. Durkheim is mainly concerned with solidarity by asking "what holds individuals together in social institutions". Durkheim demonstrates that solidarity was the normal state of society, and although
He supposed that modern societies would need to build up new ways of strengthening social norms and a mutual sense of connection. To explain restitutory law which relates to the organic state of society, Durkheim distinguishes it to repressive law. Laws serve an authoritarian function in society, telling individuals what is suitable and unsuitable. Law replicates the primary forms of solidarity and therefore we have only to categorize the diverse forms of law in order to determine the different types of solidarity equivalent to them. The second criticism is that Durkheim reduces everything to one cause. Even in its most general aspect, relating to civil law, it is exercised solely through specific functionaries: magistrate, lawyers, etc. This is mechanical solidarity, which, as we have such, is exhibited through brutal, and the greater the number of repressive law, the greater the number of social relations synchronized by this type of solidarity. The problem of this point is that it is too simplistic, very weak, undefined and he completely dismisses to explain those transitions. However, the result is generally positive, because people need each other, and this produces an organic solidarity in society. With the enlargement of the division of labor, the collective consciousness begins to weaken and each individual starts to have a discrete set of tasks which he or she takes on. Afterwards he endeavors to illustrate the nature of society, how it changes over time and how this results in the shift from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. For Durkheim, one of the key rudiments of assimilation is the degree to which diverse members cooperate with one another. For Durkheim the division of labor shapes social solidarity, which establishes collective conscience.
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