marine pollution
The sea is indispensable to life on earth and experiencing serious environmental problems today. Originally nature had the power to clean itself of pollutants to a certain degree. However, the amount of the pollutants discharged by human beings has reached a level which nature cannot cope with. The causes of marine pollution are variety, such as disposal of waste and oil spills, which have caused great and possibly irreversible damage to marine life and could cause extermination of marine life. To prevent the marine environment from further damage, some conventions on the Law of the Sea have been established and implemented effectively.In this paper, the causes and the effects of marine pollution will be firstly identified and discussed. Following this, the law of the sea reviews the overall problems. How to protect marine environment will be finally recommended. Vessel source pollution refers to pollution that comes from ships and has been estimated to comprise up to 40 percent of marine pollution (Kindt, 1986). It may result either because of an accident or because of the natural ways in which ships operate. Accidental vessel source pollution may involve the disch
Coral reefs, which support a great diversity of sea life, are highly sensitive to environmental change. Also, a country's exclusive economic waters extend for 200 miles off its coast. International efforts to ban the use of driftnets in fishing resulted in the 1989 Convention for the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific (Ringbom, 1997). International law's solution to this particular problem has been to eliminate the need for such discharges through technical solutions and the provision of facilities near the shore so that these residues can be kept from entering the seas (Timagenis, 1980). It is also necessary to very promptly collect information in order to check the spread of pollution. Marine accidents potentially cause serious harm to coastal communities, fisheries, wildlife and the local ecology where is a spill takes place. 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, several regional framework conventions and four regional agreements that contain provisions relevant to land-based marine pollution (Hunter, et al. United Kingdom: Kluwer Law International 1997. Sea contamination is a problem shared by all the countries of the world, so it is essential that all nations cooperate in such international conventions as the 1972 London Convention (Convention concerning the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of waste and other materials), the Protocol of the revision of the London Convention in 1996, the Convention MARPOL 73/78, the OPRC Convention, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is said that in Indonesia as much as 60% of coral reefs are dead as a result of sea contamination and related phenomena. Land-based sourcesAlthough vessel source pollution is a serious threat to the marine environment, it should not be exaggerated. The most common types of pollutant entering the sea from land are sewage, industrial wastes from manufacturing, and agricultural pesticides and fertilizers that are washed off the land.
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