ery little contact with the activities of the factory. Generally, a foreman would be given the total responsibility for producing goods demanded by the salesman. Under these conditions workmen used what tools they had or could get and adopted methods that suited their own style of work.
             By 1881 Taylor had published a paper that turned the cutting of metal into a science. Later he turned his attention to shoveling coal. By experimenting with different designs of shovel for use with different material (from 'rice' coal to ore) he was able to design shovels that would permit the worker to shovel for the whole day. In so doing, he reduced the number of people shoveling at the Bethlehem Steel Works from 500 to 140. This work, and his studies on the handling of pig iron, greatly contributed to the analysis of work design and gave rise to method study. According to Wren and Greenwood (1991) the major concern of Taylor was the development of cooperation and respect between the employer and employees. Taylor stated that, "Scientific management does not necessarily involve any great invention, not the discovery of new startling facts. It does, however, involve a certain combination of elements which have no existed in the past, namely, old knowledge so collected, analyzed, grouped, and classified into laws and rules that it constitutes a science". (p.255)
             Taylor who called himself the father of the scientific method, found productivity to be based on previous production levels rather than the present workers' ability. What may be one man's long-term goal may be a mere short-term goal for another. Taylor is said to be the first to monitor for "motions of necessity".
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