Hales (1994) notes that managers have the right to issue commands. However his analysis of Management Through Organization (MTO) suggests that, for managers, this power is both limited and self-defeating. Discuss.
             There has been in the past and still is an aspect of un-clarity about who managers are and what they actually do, however it is widely agreed that management is of vital importance to the success of any organisation. Hales clearly notes within his MTO five distinctive elements that make up the process of management, these are:
             These elements of the management process can be applied to both people and resources and contain similarities with elements defined by theorists such as Fayol (planning, organizing, commanding, co-ordinating and controlling).
             Within the essay I plan to show how hales analysis of MTO suggests the power of a manager is both limited and self defeating. I believe hales analysis suggests this is due to a combinations of complex factors. These include the separation & dispersion of management and the complex nature of exerting power over other people as well as the nature of the organizational arrangements in place (all of which are explained in further detail later on).
             Hales has suggested that through the emergence of large scale organizations that the managerial process has become a separate function from the work process, as oppose to a small organization where the workers would most probably plan and decide on the work they will do, allocate their own time and motivateco-ordinatecontrol themselves. As the scale of a firm grows so do the amount of workers which induces an increased need for management. Taylor also agrees that management should be a separate function to work itself in order to increase efficiency. Taylor believed that to increase efficiency workers should have little or no control over work processes and tasks should be more specialized. This leads to more management needed to han...