Early Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt founded Structuralism during the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Structuralism is the earliest approach in modern psychology with its goal to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience (Davis & Palladino, 2004). Wilhelm received helped from a student of his named Edward B. Titchener who wanted to study psychology as if it were chemistry (Davis & Palladino, 2004). There researched relied main on a method called introspection. Introspection is defined as 'participants reported the contents of their conscious experience' (Davis & Palladino, 2004). Structuralism opened the door to other forms of psychology, which at some times conscious experience were pushed aside not even being recognized as a subject of psychology research. Today, structuralism has changed into what is now called cognitive psychology, which is the 'study of higher mental processes, such as thinking, knowing, and deciding' (Davis & Palladino, 2004). Functionalism was developed in the United States during the late 1800s; which is the approach to psychology that focused on the purposes of consciousness (Davis & Palladino, 2004). The main goal that functionalist wanted to achieve was to
They are also interested in why these physiological structure or behavior developed. Ivan was study the digestion of dogs and noticed that when they were about to be fed they would begin to salivate when they saw food or heard keys ringing. He began his study as a neurologist and treated patients who suffered from anxieties and other disturbances (Davis & Palladino, 2004). This kind of setback has also set the study of psychology back. Watson learned of Ivan's observation and believed the psychology should concerned more with observing behavior instead of the mind and the consciousness. Carl Rogers believed this perspective strongly and showed the world how this came into account. James Angell addressed the president of the American Psychological Association advising them of the conclusions that had been drawn using functionalism. Gestalt PsychologyThis form of psychology was 'noted for emphasizing that perception of a whole differs from that of the individual stimuli that make up the whole' (Davis & Palladino, 2004). Psychologist believe that the psychodynamic perspective and behavioral perspective believe that behavior and the subconscious or conscious control the way a person acts without taking into consideration personal freedom and choice. This was the beginning of behavioral perspective (Davis & Palladino, 2004). Basically, this perspective looks to see what role a physiological structures or behaviors have in helping on to adapt to their environment or helping one to survive.
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