Russia, country in eastern Europe and northern Asia, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean and on the east by the Pacific Ocean. Formerly the largest republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia as it is today was established in 1991, but the history of the Russian empire extends back more than 1100 years. Russia's total area is 17,075,200 sq km (about 6,592,800 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Moscow.
In geographic size, Russia is the largest country in the world, with more than one-ninth of the world's land area. The country can be divided into three broad geographic regions: European Russia, consisting of the territory west of the Ural Mountains; Siberia, stretching east from the Urals almost to the Pacific Ocean; and far eastern Russia, including the extreme southeast and the Pacific coast. European Russia is primarily a rocky, rolling plain with broad marshy areas. Its southern border includes the Caucasus Mountains, which extend between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. The region ends in the east at the Ural Mountains. Siberia lies east of the Urals and begins as a flat, generally marshy or swampy area. The terrain rises gradually, going eastward through the rollin
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The lowland areas have a natural vegetation of grasslands with scattered groves of trees. Severe losses over the next two years made the war unpopular throughout Russia, while repression and corruption continued in the government. Rivers and deep canyons characterize this central region, which is rich in minerals. Runaway peasants joined northern adventurers, known as cossacks, and began the conquest of Siberia. The collapse of the Soviet system brought many changes to Russian education, especially regarding curriculum. The agreement called for the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces and for any decision on Chechnya's political status to be postponed until December 2001. In 1612 a national army expelled the Poles, and Michael Romanov was made czar. Privatization has occurred slowly in agriculture since the dissolution of the USSR. Russia is also one of the leading producers of lumber and wood products, although this industry experienced a severe decline in the post-Soviet period.
For information about the Russian Revolution, see Russian Revolution. He consolidated his authority and used torture, exile, and execution to repress dissension by the boyar, or noble, class.
Russia has the longest continuous coastline of any country in the world. Key minerals mined include iron ore, copper, nickel, gold, and diamonds. Most of the coast borders waters that are frozen for many months of the year, so Russia has few year-round oceanic outlets. The cossacks led a major peasant revolt in 1670, which, although quelled by imperial troops, set a pattern for later uprisings by the serfs.
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