Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling was an American physical chemist who was a firm believer in high doses of Vitamin C. He introduced the concept of electro negativity in 1932, and he also formulated a model for the structure of hemoglobin. Pauling retired in 1974. Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon. Pauling had to move to several different cities in Oregon from 1903 to 1909. When is father died in 1910, of a perforated ulcer, his mom was left to care for Pauling and his two younger Siblings. Pauling read many books as a kid, and at one point his father wrote a letter to a local paper inviting suggestions of additional books that would occupy his time. In high school, Pauling studied Chemistry. He entered the Oregon State College in 1917, receiving the degree of B.Sc. in chemical engineering in 1922. During the years 1919-1920 he served as a full-time teacher of quantitative analysis in the State College, after which he was appointed a Teaching Fellow in Chemistry in the California Institute of Technology and was a graduate student there from 1922 to 1925, working under Professor Roscoe G. Dickinson and Richard C. Tolman. In 1925 he was awarded the Ph.D. (summa cum laude) in chemistry, with minors in physics and mathem
(summa cum laude) in chemistry, with minors in physics and mathematics. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit for his contributions in 1948. He encountered accusations of being pro-Soviet or Communist, allegations that he categorically denied. Beginning in the late-1940s, Pauling waged a constant campaign against war and its now nuclear nature. He entered the Oregon State College in 1917, receiving the degree of B. *Many of Pauling's critics, including scientists who appreciated the contributions that he had made in chemistry, disagreed with his political positions and saw him as a naive spokesman for Russian Communism. On Pauling's retirement in 1974, he and some of these scientists founded the Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine, now the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine, in Palo Alto, California. The use of the atomic bomb near the end of the war turned Pauling in a new direction when he studied the potentially malignant effects of nuclear fallout on human molecular structures. In 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry for his outstanding contributions toward understanding chemical bonding. Linus presented a petition to the UN signed by 11,000 scientists.
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