in a permit good for three months. Chinese expulsions were also carried out against the Chinese in 1755 and 1766, because of Spanish suspicion, but they were repealed in 1788 when the Spanish recognized the contributions the Chinese could make to the Philippine economy. Another advantage that the mestizos had was the fact that they were legally entitled to all the rights of a Spanish citizen or vecino. According to the historian Edgar Vickberg, they were considered ¡§a special kind of Filipino¡ and not a ¡§special kind of Chinese¡, the way
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