exclude and define national identity in terms of race and culture developed further, excluding and defining who did and did not classify as a member of the nation based on the middle class, bourgeois values, and norms. In this sense, the 'sciences' that gave meaning to race, gender, and class also contributed to disunity within nations by continually excluding and narrowing the definition of who did belong within that nation. Benedict Anderson's description of a nation as an "imagined political community" (Anderson 1983: 6) has widely been quoted. It is 'imagined' "because the members of even the smallest nations will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives an image of their community." It is a deep community because it is "conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship" (Anderson 1983: 6). Anderson defines a nation as an imagined political community, imagined as limited and sovereign (Anderson 1983: 5). This concept of nationalism within a nation-state creates a community sharing common traits, and therefore, shared identity. Gender, race, and class are examples of common traits within nations, creating a national identity where nations do not exist. Thus Anderson's 'imagined communities.
             National identity in the mid-nineteenth century was not symbolized by a ruler who could unite many different people under him or confined to people who happened to live in a certain territory. Rather, national identity was a community separated from others by its own inner spirit, expressed through its language and culture. Sciences gave meaning to race and gender distinctions and were vital in establishing national identity using determining who belonged in a nation. Science gave everyone a designated place in the world. However, scientific discovery followed customs. Therefore, science served only to give reality to social hierarchies' myth (Mosse 1978: xii). Race, gender, and class ...