Augustus
Augustus Caesaar is known as one of the most prominent and capable leaders in Roman history. Born as Gaius Octavius Thurnius, Augustus became a member of the Second Triumvirate. He eventually defeated the army of his fellow Triumvirate member, Marcus Antonius and became sole ruler of Rome. Octavius was renamed Augustus by the Roman Senate and the era of Pax Romana (Roman peace) was ushered in. Pax Romana lasted for two hundred years. This era, known as the Golden Age, is the longest period in time that there has been peace in human history.Gaius Octavius Thurnius was born on September 23, 63 B.C. to Atia, who was the niece of Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar was the dictator of Rome at this time. Octavians' first public appearance came when he was twelve years old, in 51 B.C. His grandmother Julia died and he delivered the eulogy at her funeral. Octavius was adopted by Julius Caesar and "after the assassination of Julius on March 15, 44 B.C. (The Ides Of March) Rome plunged into chaos" (Matthews, 108). Due to the fact that Julius Caesar had put Octavian in his will, Octavian had the right to the name Caesar and assumed the name C. Julius Caesar Octavianus. The nineteen-year-old Octavian was given minimal power by the senate i
The poets Vergil and Horace were of importance to Augustus and he actively supported each of them. A sculpture called the Augustus from Prima Porta was created and it depicted Augustus with cupid. Also, tax breaks were given to people with three or more children. Their works glorified Rome's past and the greatness of Augustus' achievements. Upon hearing of Agrippa's victory, the land forces of Antonius defected to the side of Octavian instead of putting up a fight. In this monument Augustus and his family are shown on the way to a sacrifice. "Augustus also established an effective police force, a fire-brigade and a strong permanent bodyguard, the Praetorian Guard"(Hibbert, 36). He also afforded more privileges to the families of senators and equestrian families. He was confident that his empire was secure and the issue of succession settled. Angered by this move by the senate, Octavian formed an alliance called the Second Triumvirate with Marcus Antonius and Marcus Lepidus. Augustus did offer an upgrade to full citizenship for slaves who had children. The Senate persuaded Augustus to take over and rule completely. The term "Augustan Age", used to describe periods of great literary achievement in modern nations, shows that Augustus had a huge impact on the world's history of learning.
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