Tourism and Recreation in Fragile Destinations
This essay outlines and discusses the major contemporary issues concerning the growth of tourism and recreation in fragile destinations.The growth of population and of world tourism will be presented at the beginning. Furthermore the need for recreation will be analysed. The definition of fragile destinations will be given and the major issues will be analysed with the help of examples of fragile environments from all over the world.The author will have a closer look at the tragedy of the commons and the management issues arising from their as well as he will highlight the problem of the stakeholder collaboration in tourism destinations.Future issues and a final conclusion will round off this essay.2. Issues concerning the growth of tourism in fragile destinationsWorld population has increased rapidly over the last forty years and will continue to grow up to eight billion in 2028 (Population Reference Bureau, 2004).The pressure on resources and on ecosystems is rising.The World Tourism Organisation (1999) stated that 'it will become possible to live one's life without being exposed to other people. In consequence, people will crave the human touch; and tourism will be the principle means through
They seek the individual experience in new tourism forms like adventure or nature tourism. The lack of planning and foresight even in well-managed projects can cause serious negative impacts on tourism destinations. This enormous increase of world travel over a very short period of time will lead to further increase in direct and indirect impacts on the world environment and on tourism destinations. Because destinations are highly dependent on the BTE and CPR, especially in the coastal, alpine and natural areas for their tourism product the tragedy of the commons occur. The GBRMPA uses an exemplary management to deal with the occurring problems for fragile-environment-managers despite of the numerous stakeholders involved. Currently a tunnel is in discussion to remove the traffic and to lay it underneath (Save Stonehenge, 2004). Mathieson and Wall (1982) stated that tourism carrying capacity is 'the maximum number of people who can use a place without an unacceptable alteration in the physical environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of the recreational experience' (Garrigos Simon, et al, 2004). Not only tourists are disturbed by loud engines the whole alpine environment acknowledges this event as a destructive factor. Managing tourism capacity of a fragile destination is not the only method to regulate and control the number of visitors. Large areas of alpine territory and woodland are now covered with concrete for roads, hotels, and other facilities. It has to be a diving-trip to the Maldives with an added Quad-trip through the desert of Dubai (Mc. Ownership of Fragile Destinations falls on everybody and tourism has a 'duty of care' (Shepard, 2004). Therefore collaboration between stakeholders is strongly needed for a successful cooperation within destinations. According to Gossling (2002) 'five major fields of global environmental change were identified to which tourism contributes: change of land cover and land use, energy use, biotic exchange and extinction of wild species, exchange and dispersion of diseases, and changes in the perception and understanding of the environment through travel'. Conflicts arise because fragile destinations or environments have to be handled with great care.
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der wissenschaft 2004,
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