Gottdiener's article is essentially a look at modern methods of urban studies with an exhortation of modern academia for its glossing over, or outright dismissal, of classical thought and elemental considerations. The author explores the elements of social and urban development while cautioning against the tendencies towards oversimplification and categorization exhibited by many modern urban analysts. Most critically of all Gottdiener discusses the role of space in urban and regional development, giving due consideration to technological advances and their effects on capitalism and the social-spatial perspective.
             Lefebvre refers to "the second circuit of capital" by which he means most simplistically land as commodity. This of course translates to all areas affected by commercial real estate- everything from banking to politics- essentially encompassing any area of the economy not devoted to industrial production. The second circle of capital is one of the most prominent features shaping the spatial patterns of development in urban regions as politics and money lie at its roots. Initial urban development follows a set pattern of industrialization and resulting in a core of housing and commercial development located at the site of factories. As growth spreads outward the central city becomes neglected and disenfranchised while industries in suburban areas create smaller centers of centralization leading to urban sprawl. Growth is directed, if one can apply that term, by land developers, bank investors, and political agenda.
             Since the times of ancient Rome real estate has provided a way for the wealthy elite to consolidate fortunes and expand empires. When Caius Gracchus introduced a land reform bill before the Tribunal and Senate of early Rome he included a provision that forbade the selling of lands given to the poor in order to encourage the return of the small farmer. After Caius's death the bill ...