Mary Whiton Calkins
Mary Whiton Calkins was born on March 30, 1863 in Hartford, Connecticut, but spent most of her childhood in Buffalo, New York. Mary was the oldest of five children born to her Puritan mother and minister father. According to some sources, Calkin's father had a great distrust of public education, and preferred educating his children by boarding them with French and German families. It is recorded, though, that Mary Calkins graduated from an established high school in Newton, Massachusetts. Calkins indicated her interest in philosophy in high school by writing a graduation essay entitled "The Apology Plato should have written: a vindication of the character Xantippi." Johnson, 1997 & McHenry, 1995) Calkins entered Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore, but left the following spring when her sister became ill and died. She remained home the following academic year, studying Greek and tutoring two of her younger brothers. Calkins re-entered Smith College in the fall of 1984 with senior standing and graduated the following spring with a degree concentrated in classics and philosophy. (Johnson, 1997) After Calkins graduation from Smith, she spent a year studying social and economic issues with a women's organization called th
Thus began Calkins search for a graduate program that would accept a woman student. '" These conclusions were soon buried by Freud's dream research, but Calkins took pride in anticipating several of Freud's findings such as Calkins and Sanford documented that all people dream although they may not remember it upon waking. She continued her work in association in the laboratory and published what would have been her doctor's thesis in Psychological Review Monograph Supplements in 1896. a vivid sense of the concreteness of psychology and of the immediate reality of 'finite individual minds' with their 'thoughts and feelings. A few months after she retired, Calkins was diagnosed with inoperable cancer and she died in Newton, Massachusetts, on February 26, 1930. During her time at Wellesley, Calkins made her interests in philosophy known and she was recommended to fulfill the position of teaching courses in the emerging science of psychology. She is one of three people and the only woman to hold the presidency of both the APA and of the American Philosophical Association. She was not allowed to present her thesis at Harvard nor receive her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. For parts of three years, Calkins also worked in the Psychology Laboratory of Dane Hall with Hugo Munsterberg.
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