Forensics
Forensics is defined as the aplication of science to interpret clues for crime investigation. The earliest forensic scientists were physicianswho were called upon to give an opinion as to the cause of death in individuals. Now most of the forensic scientists are investigators that pick up clues at the crim scene. Because criminals often are not the brightest people on the planet they often do not plan out a burglary or theft and carelessly leave behind distict clues that allow an invetigator to track them relatively easily. There are many areas of forensics which include: general crime scene investigation, forensic chemestry, forencic toxicology,forensic pathology, genetic figerprinting, fingerprinting and chromotography. The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened (crime scenereconstruction) and to identify the responsible person. This is done by carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and recognizing all relevant physical evidence. The ability to recognize and collect the evidence is important in solving and prosecuting violent cases. In majority of the cases, The law enforcement officer who protects and searches the crime scene plays major part in determining whether the
In addition to their value in the apprehension of criminals, fingerprints can ensure personal identification of humanitarian reasons, such as in cases of amnesia, missing persons, or unknown deceased. In a simple form of chromatography, a solution of the dye is soaked up by a strip of absorbent paper. If the pattern of bands produced by cells found at the scene of the crime exactly matches the pattern made by cells collected from the suspect then the body cells from both samples must belong to the suspect and he or she must have been present at the scene of the crime. 1912 Masaeo Takayama developed another microscopic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemochromogen crystals. The material is soaked so that any body cells in the stain come away from the cloth and into the liquid. Documenting crime scene conditions can include immediately recording transient detail such as lighting (on/off), drapes (open/closed), weather, or furniture moved by medical teams. Osborne, an American and arguably the most influential document examiner, published Questioned Documents. Although reported in the American Journal of Microscopy and Popular Science and Scientific American, the idea was apparently never pursued from this source. The nylon sheet is then treated to make the DNA radioactive. 1880 Henry Faulds, a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that fingerprints at the scene of a crime could identify the offender. 1894 Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason based on a mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillon. About thirty percent of medical-legal investigations are now performed by the medical examiners office rather than coroners office. He was also one of the first to institute standards, controls, and QA/QC procedures. The forensic toxicologist as ascertain a chain of evidence or custody for each sample analysis, and documents the methodology and data collected, and is therefore prepared to defend the findings in legal hearings or trials. 1896 Sir Edward Richard Henry developed the print classification system that would come to be used in Europe and North America.
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