From a sociological perspective, explanations for criminal-
             ity are found in two levels which are the subculture and the
             The sociological explanations emphasize aspects of societal
             arrangements that are external to the actor and compelling. A
             sociological explanation is concerned with how the structure of
             a society or its institutional practices or its persisting
             cultural themes affect the conduct of its members. Individual
             differences are denied or ignored, and the explanation of
             the overall collective behavoir is sought in the patterning of
             social arrangements that is considered to be both "outside"
             the actor and "prior to him" (Sampson, 1985). That is, the
             social patterns of power or of institutions which are held to
             be determinative of human action are also seen as having been
             in existence before any particular actor came on the scene.
             In lay language, sociological explanations of crime place the
             blame on something social that is prior to, external to, and
             compelling of any particular person.
             Sociological explanations do not deny the importance of
             human motivation. However, they locate the source of motives
             outside the individual and in the cultural climate in which he
             Political philosophers, sociologists, and athropologists
             have long observed that a condition of social life is that not
             all things are allowed. Standards of behavior are both a pro-
             duct of our living together and a requirement if social life
             The concept of a culture refers to the perceived standards
             of behavior, observable in both words and deeds, that are
             learned, transmitted from generation to generation and somewhat
             durable. To call such behavior "cultural" does not necessar-
             ily mean that it is "refined," but rather means that it is
             "cultured"-- aquired, cultivated, and persistent. Social
             scientists have invented the notion of a subculture to describe
             variations, ...