Mussolini and the intervention crisis
Mussolini and the intervention crisisBenito Mussolini was born in Predappio, near Forli, in Romagna, on July 29, 1883. Like his father, Benito became a fervent socialist. He qualified as an elementary schoolmaster in 1901. In 1902 he emigrated to Switzerland. Unable to find a permanent job there and arrested for vagrancy, he was expelled and returned to Italy to do his military service. After further trouble with the police, he joined the staff of a newspaper in the Austrian town of Trento in 1908. Expelled by the Austrians, he became the editor at Forli of a socialist newspaper, La Lotta di Classe (The Class Struggle). His early enthusiasm for Karl Marx was modified by a mixture of ideas from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, the revolutionary doctrines of Auguste Blanqui, and the syndicalism of Georges Sorel. In 1910, Mussolini became secretary of the local Socialist party at Forli.When Italy declared war on Turkey in 1911, he was imprisoned for his anti-war propaganda . Appointed editor of the official Socialist newspaper Avanti, he moved to Milan, where he established himself as the most forceful of all the leaders of Italian socialism. At this stage in his life, his political views were anti-militarist and anti-war
This new "socialism" would unite and integrate Italy and begin a rapid production that would put Italy among the advanced nations of the world. Il popolo d'Italia originated on December 1914 and many believe that French money was given to him to found the newspaper because the French government required Italy's participation in the war . Moreover, when Germany violated Belgian neutrality, Mussolini published his outrage in the pages of Avanti! Therefore, at the outbreak of the war The Socialist party and the syndicalist Unione Sindicalista Italiano (USI) were all opting for neutrality . Additionally, if Mussolini wanted people to mobilize, collaboration and support was needed among all social classes which means that the bourgeoisie would also be involved. The only difference in 1911 was that he thought that he could spark the revolutionary sentiment in his party . Therefore, the Fascists could only welcome the signs of a new modern Italy and anticipated a better life. However, on July 28 hostilities broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and since the provisions of the Alliance stipulated that Italy would be informed before any military moves by Austria, San Giuliano announced to the world that Italy would remain neutral because Austria violated the agreement . He argued that by 1914 a new phenomenon had occurred which had reduced the class distinction and that men did not identified themselves in term of class, but in terms of national loyalty . However, he held the same reasons at the time of the war in Tripoli. As a result, Mussolini had to compromise his negative views about the bourgeoisie because he needed their money to have any political leverage. During this time these prospect were based on mobilization of masses. It also, brought the most active force of mass mobilization, the Fascists, which Mussolini was part off. He insisted that a revolutionary war would have to appeal not only to the proletariat but also to all people. During that time, Mussolini was convicted that the absolute neutrality of the Socialist party would probably collapse. however throughout the intervention crisis his views altered dramatically and became opposite of what they were before.
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