Europe in teh 1960s
Europe is an ever-changing landscape of culture and society. Many major advances in technology and knowledge were introduced to this scene in the nineteen-sixties. Political transformation took place in this decade as well as social and ethnic changes. The beginning of the Space Age marked scientific enhancements just as the second Vatican Council meeting was a sign of cultural attempts to bring a group up to date with the times. The building of the Berlin Wall signaled feuding between governments and their differences. The Space Age was inaugurated with the launching of Sputnik I on October 4, 1957. Yet astronautics originated in the early nineteenth century. As early as 1819 Konstantine E. Ziolkovsky, the "founding father' of Russian space science, predicted the of a space rocket employing liquid fuel and liquid oxygen capable of thrusting man into space. From 1957 to 1961, Russian spaceships were the first top carry live animals, to reach the vicinity of the moon and orbit the sun, and to photograph the far side of the moon. While America was reaching significant scientific progress, Russia clearly dominated the excitement of space exploration.
The definition of the Church as "the People of God," not primarily a hierarchical structure but a community of individuals sharing the same beliefs was changed. The Western Allies and the Russians, however, still maintained troops in their respective areas, including eth city of Berlin. In the brief, tense standoff known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the possibility of a nuclear war raises its head. They began making objections to the idea and insisted that it would take at least ten years to organize such a thing. The movements varied, but they included such aims as harmonizing theology with science and modern philosophy, greater social action on the part of Catholics, and reforms in the official worship of the church. Thousands of documents were reviewed, topics for discussion were looked at and an agenda was made. After World War II, Berlin became a place that was occupied by Russia, the United States, France, and Great Britain. The general, council is an institution dating back officially to Biblical times, the first recognized council being that of Jerusalem reported in Acts 1:5. The flow of refugees was stopped and East Germany began a period of extraordinary economic growth. Alexander Dubeek was the leader of Czechoslovakia when it was invaded by Russia. Large numbers of refugees from Communist Europe and particularly East Germany were using the city as an escape route to the West. The entire city was to be ruled by the Four-Power Control Commission with unanimous consent necessary for all decisions. The Eastern and Western sectors of the city were ruled separately, by unspoken agreement.
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