Textile Dyeing Procedures
Textile materials can be dyed at any stage of their production procedure. The main types of methods are batch, continuous, or semicontinuous processes. The method used depends on several factors including type of material (fiber, yarn, fabric, garment)type of fibers composing the material, end use of material, and the quality expected from finished product. The machinery used for dyeing application is usually made out of type 316 stainless steel. This strong material is used because of the constantttack by the acids, bases, and other additional strong chemicals and dyes used in the process. Many fabrics also undergo printing processes to produce patterned effects. Batch dyeing is the most common method used today. In this system, textile products are processed as individual discrete units. The dye is transferred slowly to the material from a large volume dye bath. Three basic types of application are used 1) bric is circulated through a still dyebath 2) dyebath is circulated through a material that is held stationary 3) both the dyebath and material are circulated. The most popular machines that carry out batch dyeing are becks, jet dyeing, and jigs. Dyeing becks consist of a trough with a slanted back to a
The drawbacks are the amounts of water, chemicals, and energy used, and the press may cause abrasion or distortion to the fabric. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1996. Special effects can be produced by the way the dye is applied: (the stream can be momentarily interrupted to produce a patterned effect). The fabric is immersed into a concentrated dye solution and the sent to two weighted mangles where the excess dye is squeezed o and returned back its container. Next the fabric may be steamed, or left to stand at room temperature for a few hours to allow the dye molecules to penetrate into the fibers. Scouring and bleaching of faic can be done by a similar cold pad-batch process. Prints can consist of up to 16 different colors and can be produced at rates of up to 100 to 150 yards per minute. The reaction can be sped up by using heat, higher alkalinity, and selecting more reactive dyes. Toronto, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976Perkins, Warren, S. Another method called screen printing, a type of resist printing, uses screens made by covering a frame with fabric made of silk, nylon, metal, or polyester filaments. llow fabric to slide down into the dye.
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