1. According to the author, what has been a central question in criminology since 1928?
             A central question in criminology since 1928 according to the author, has been "the extent to which the defendant's race affects processing decisions in criminal cases." This means whether or not the penalties for specific crimes are more severe depending on the offender's race.
             2. Who were the study participants (that is, subjects)?
             In the study, the participants were 881 suspects charged with "forcible sex offenses" in a large, mid-western city, between January 1970, and December 1975.
             Both the victims' and the defendants' demographic characteristics were provided by police, prosecution, and court records.
             4. How was "forcible sex offenses" defined?
             "Forcible sex offenses" were defined by the author as including rape, sodomy, armed sodomy, assault and battery with intent to rape, and assault and battery with intent to gratify. Nonforcible, statutory offenses and male victims were not included in this sample.
             5. The researcher does not use the terms hypothesis or hypotheses in the excerpt. However, he makes predictions of what he will find. These predictions are the hypotheses. In which paragraph are the predictions made? What are the author's hypotheses?
             In the third paragraph, the researcher proposes his hypotheses that the race of both the victim and the offender in part determines the ordering of official reactions to sexual assault. The author assumes that blacks are considered the less powerful subgroup, and hypothesizes that the most serious sanctions result from the assault of white women by black men, followed by the assault of white women by white men, black women by black men, and finally, black women by white men.
             6. Are the hypotheses consistent with the theory described in paragraphs 1 and 2? Explain.
             Yes, the author's hypotheses are consistent with the theory de
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