biomechanics
The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the influence that different sport surfaces have on injury. It will help one understand how specific sports surfaces effect athletes, while listing the advantages and disadvantages of such sports surfaces to the runner. Running surfaces cause many sport and exercise injuries because they are ever present and because of the frequency of contact between the shoe and the surface. Changes in surface characteristics can alter not only the ground reaction force but also the activation patterns of the major leg muscles. Sports surfaces tend to have both positive and negative effects on the performer. A change of surface may necessitate a modification of technique. The change of force acting on the performer alters the type of injury. Sport surfaces are often complex structures with several layers, all of which contribute to the overall behavior of the surface. Friction and traction are characteristics that are directly related to the behavior of surfaces for sport and exercise and have the greatest association with injury. The friction or traction force between a shoe or other object and a surface is the force component peripheral to the surf
Because of this desire to perform well, it is important to understand how much of an influence these different sport surfaces have on the body. This property is closely related to compliance; hard sports surfaces tend to be stiff and soft surfaces tend to be compliant. Little correlation existed between material and subject tests, such that the large differences in material properties were only somewhat apparent from the results of subjects running on these surfaces. Strictly the hardness of a material is the resistance of it's surface layer to penetration. Concrete is an extremely stiff surface. There are distinct advantages and disadvantages to training on different sport surfaces. Artificial surfaces are also implicated in joint and tendon injuries owing to the stiffness of the surface. Sports Biomechanics: Reducing Injury and Improving Performance. The evolution of the study of the mechanics of running and its relationship to running.
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