1. arche-why things are the way they are, the beginnings
             a. anaximander- arche is the indefinite, it has no definite nature, The "opposites" are, we have seen, at war with one another, and their strife is marked by "unjust" encroachments on either side. The warm commits "injustice" in summer, the cold in winter, and this would lead in the long run to the destruction of everything but the Boundless itself, if there were not an inexhaustible supply of it from which opposites might continually be separated out afresh. We must picture, then, an endless mass, which is not any one of the opposites we know, stretching out without limit on every side of the world we live in. This mass is a body, out of which our world once emerged, and into which it will one day be absorbed again. Anaximander envisaged a formless mass that was both the source and the destination of all material things. He called this unobservable substance apeiron, meaning infinite. Nevertheless, he conceded this much to water -- he thought life originated there.
             b. anaximenes- And the form of the air is as follows. Where it is most even, it is invisible to our sight; but cold and heat, moisture and motion, make it visible. It is always in motion; for, if it were not, it would not change so much as it does. -- Hipp. Ref. i. 7 (R. P. 28). It differs in different substances in virtue of its rarefaction and condensation. -- The air Anaximenes speaks of includes a good deal that we should not call by the name. In its normal condition, when most evenly distributed, it is invisible, and it then corresponds to our "air"; it is the breath we inhale and the wind that blows. That is why he called it pneuma. On the other hand, the old idea that mist or vapor is condensed air, is still accepted without question, who thought to save the unity of the primary substance by his theory of rarefaction and condensation
             c. Thales- had said water was the stuff of which all other things wer...