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Will our descendants create a universe in a laboratory?YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE A MASTER CHEF TO MAKE meringue. Simply combine egg whites and sugar in a large bowl and beat vigorously until the mixture is light and fluffy. Spread in a pan and put in an oven preheated to 300 degrees F. Bake for 40 to 45 minutes and voile! Could it be just as easy to make a universe? Since the big bang theory implies that the entire observed universe can evolve from a tiny speck, it's tempting to ask whether a universe can in principle be created in a laboratory. Given what we know of the laws of physics, would it be possible for an extraordinarily advanced civilization to create new universes at will? The first thing to think about is the list of necessary ingredients. Curiously, scientific theories continue to offer an enormous range of answers to the question of what the universe was made from. One of the most dramatic differences between the standard big bang theory (without inflation) and the inflationary universe theory is the answer that each gives to this fundamental question. If the recipe for the standard big bang universe were written in a Cosmic Cookbook, how would it read? To begin the universe at an age of one seco
Once the wormhole develops, a dramatic change takes place -- the bubble has turned inside out. The pressure outside the bubble is zero, and the pressure inside is negative. Now the region of false vacuum can grow larger and larger without encroaching on the original space. The physicist defines "vacuum" as the state with the lowest possible density of energy. The false vacuum is characterized by having a huge energy density and a huge but negative pressure. From the point of view of the parent universe, the "umbilical cord" of the child universe is indistinguishable from a black hole. For this density, the answer to our probability calculation would be approximately one -- a new universe would be created with just about every attempt. The false vacuum has an extraordinarily high density, perhaps 10[sup 80] grams per cubic centimeter, and also a pressure that is extraordinarily large, but negative -- it acts like a suction. The huge negative pressure turns gravity on its head, producing a repulsive gravitational force that can launch a region of false vacuum into explosive expansion. While the parent universe would be in no danger of annihilation, the safety of the experimenters would require precautions similar to those used in hydrogen bomb tests. nd, the ingredient list would include 10[sup 89] photons, 10[sup 89] electrons, 10[sup 89] positrons, 10[sup 89] neutrinos, 10[sup 89] antineutrinos, 10[sup 79] protons, and 10[sup 79] neutrons. Does this mean that the laws of physics truly enable us to create a new universe at will? If we tried to carry out this recipe, unfortunately, we would immediately encounter an annoying snag: Because a sphere of false vacuum 10[sup -26] centimeter across has a mass of one ounce, its density is a phenomenal 10[sup 80] grams per cubic centimeter. After heating, the total mass/energy of the mix would be about 10[sup 65] grams, or 10[sup 32] solar masses. Why does the false vacuum have such a peculiar name? While the word "vacuum" is often defined as a state devoid of matter, this definition is not precise enough for physicists, since it is not clear exactly what "matter" means. While advanced civilizations can conceivably create multiple universes, inflation itself can have the same effect.
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Acceptance Essays
