Fundamentalism is a term popularly used to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the Bible. This usage derives from late 19th and early 20th century Protestant ministers and scholars who used the term to reference their commitment to fundamental beliefs of Christianity in order to oppose the threats of modern science and the secular world, and to resist modern, adaptive trends (Almond, Appleby, Sivan; 403). The movement arose as a response to a perceived crisis. Fundamentalists fear that modernization has begun to penetrate religious communities and in result, faith and morality with be eradicated and secular humanism will prevail.
             The name fundamentalist was coined in The Fundamentals, a 12- volume collection of essays funded by Lyman Stewart. They were written in the period 1910 - 15 by 64 British and American scholars and preachers. Three million copies of these volumes and the founding of the World's Christian Fundamentals Association in 1919 gave sharp identity to fundamentalism as it moved into the 1920s.
             With various differences among certain groups, they generally a) insist on strict morality, literal belief in the Bible, personal piety, and the belief in the second coming of Christ; b) retrieve from Scripture or other doctrines certain ideas to be followed that are selected to both unify their followers and exclude or scandalize outsiders; and c) through militant approaches employ modern strategies and weapons to "fight fire with fire" (Hirsley, 1992 and Class Notes, 9/6/2000).
             The core attitudes of Fundamentalism appeal to a multitude of cultures. When they speak of needing to fight against the threats modernity poses, many people respond to the idea.
             "The Fundamentalism Project's two hundred international scholars, with expertise ranging from religion to history to anthropology, have identified fundamentalist factions in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, H...