napoleon
Napoleon I (1769-1821), emperor of the French, who consolidated and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution. One of the greatest military commanders of all time, he conquered the larger part of Europe and did much to modernize the nations he ruled.Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was given the name Napoleone (in French his name became Napoleon Bonaparte). He was the second of eight children of Carlo (Charles) Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte, both of the Corsican-Italian gentry. No Buonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. Carlo was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island in 1768, he served as a prosecutor and judge and entered the French aristocracy as a count. Through his father's influence, Napoleon was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the École Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant.After the Revolution began, he became a lieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. In 1793, however, Corsica declared independence, and Bonaparte, a French patriot and a Republican,
In the coup d'etat of November 9-10, 1799 (18-19 Brumaire), he and his colleagues seized power and established a new regime-the Consulate. He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death from stomach cancer on May 5, 1821. His fleet, however, was destroyed by the British admiral Horatio Nelson, leaving him stranded. In 1793, however, Corsica declared independence, and Bonaparte, a French patriot and a Republican, fled to France with his family. Napoleonic Rule in FrancePrint sectionBonaparte, no modest soul, decided to leave his army and return to save France. Early CampaignsPrint sectionAlso in 1796, Bonaparte was made commander of the French army in Italy. In 1795 he saved the revolutionary government by dispersing an insurgent mob in Paris. After the allies had rejected his stepping down in favor of his son, Napoleon abdicated unconditionally and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. In 1810 also, the empire reached its widest extension with the annexation of Bremen, Lubeck, and other parts of north Germany, together with the entire kingdom of Holland, following the forced abdication of Louis Bonaparte. In Paris, he joined a conspiracy against the government. In northern Italy he founded the Cisalpine (Italian) Republic (later known as the kingdom of Italy) and strengthened his position in France by sending millions of francs worth of treasure to the government. Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike! first. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose. Wars of ConquestPrint sectionIn April 1803 Britain, provoked by Napoleon's aggressive behavior, resumed war with France on the seas; two years later Russia and Austria joined the British in a new coalition.
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