summary of religoins
Much of what we know about him, we know through the Qur'an and the hadiths remembrance of him by his followersSupreme god Allah was an object of faith but not of worshipLocated in Mecca was a black meteorite that had fallen to earth long before Muhammad time; it is believed to have been sent from heaven As a religious person, Muhammad spent time pondering and meditating, in cavesHe received his first revelation at 40 during a religious retreat in the cavesA bright presence came to him and held before his eyes a cloth covered in writing. It commanded three times that he recite what was written there.He became convinced that the bright presence was the angel Gabriel, and when further revelations came to him, Muhammad began to share them with his closest friends and family members-particularly his wife, his cousin Ali, and his friend, Abu Bakr. These were the first Muslims.When Muhammad began to share to proclaim his revelations more openly he was not well receivedAt the invitation of leaders of Yathrib, Muhammad and hi followers left Mecca in 622, This migration is called the hijraIt marks the point at which Muhammad's message began to be favorably received and the start of the Islamic c
Yatrib is now called Medina Muhammad's goal was always to return to Mecca He was bale to return in 630 he died in 632At the heart of Islam is a belief in an all-powerful, transcendent God who has created the universe and who controls it down to the smallest detail People are called to prayer by a muezzin -a chanter that announces that Allah is great God has spoken repeatedly through human beings-prophets to reveal his mindHe spoke to prophets such as Abraham, Moses, and JesusFive pillars--1 Allah is only God 2 pray five times a day has to perform purification with water before) 3 donate certain of total income to poor 4 Ramadan -fasting 5 Pilgrimage or Hijj (was already practiced before Muhammad was born possibly to see the black meteoriteAbu Bakr was Muhammad's first political and religious successor or caliphQur'an has 114 chapters or SurasBecause Muhammad's sons dies in infancy he had no clear male successorAbu Baker was the principle leader of prayer, because of this he was the first caliph Umar was the next, followed by Uthman; both were assonatedAli was the fourth caliph he was assassinated as well and control of Islam was taken over in 661This period marks the first and most significance division of Islam--into Shiite and SunniBuddhism-Founder was Sidharta Gautama- grew out of HinduismStarted in India but grew stronger elsewhere because they sent representitives Born into Katshyra caste, father raised him in a controlled environment so that his life would be pleasurable and happyGautamam went out in real world and saw 4 passing sights#1 an old man-learned that all people are subject to old age#2 met diseased/sick- learned that all humans are subject to pain and disease#3 sees a funeral- learned that all humans are subject to death#4 saw a wondering holy man who had piece of mind (no concern about evils in the world)- learned that humans can raise above pain in worldAfter sights he left wife and house and went on spiritual journey to find meaning of life --went to study with gurus (Hindu theologians)Stayed with gurus until he thought that he had learned all that they had to offerYoga=disciple Yoga of physical diciple-disipline body so it is not a concern of the mind and can focus on Brahman AtmanGautamna reduced diet to one rice a day and became so weak that he passed out woke up with a bunch of people around him said that this was not for himWent and sat under a tree for a week and thought about what he had done; realized that he had tried to hard- said that the middle way was the bestBasic human problem is desire; desire = the will to have, it causes frustration and angerGautama went to Deer Park were he gave his first sermonSaw the Gurus that he was with earlier told them about the 4 noble truths#1 Life is suffering (change and inexperience is suffering") #2 Suffering is caused by desire #3 To get ride of suffering you must get ride of desire #4 Method to get rid of desire is to follow 8 fold pathDuring mediation under tree Gautama found secret of life, (craving is human problem) at this moment he became the Buddha (enlightened one)8 fold path- #1 right knowledge (have to know what problem is) #2 right purpose (achieved by overcoming life of senses-don't let senses enslave you) #3 right speech (not to engage in harmful talk) #4 right conduct (engage in right sort of love) #5 right vocation (ways of making a living) #6 right effort (intellectual awareness in what you are doing #7 rite mindfulness (one needs to surround self in there way of thinking #8 rite concentration (one has reshaped life to the extent that they have eliminated selfish desire)Buddha said that humans do not have soul, but can be reincarnated-your desire is reborn in another lifeBuddhism for the common people developed 200 years after Buddha's death called Mahayana(large boat)Some said that it changed Buddhism until it was unrecognizablehunayana(means small boat) Buddhism for intellectual who can understand more complex ideas/also know as Theravada(way of elders)Mahayana -reintroduced ideas of Gods; Gautama is thought to be one of the many Gods, there have been many budhas that followed GautamaHinayana-say gods are irreverent- worship is just mediating on Buddhist principalsMahayana- say that nirvana is a place to go like heaven Branch of Mahayana is Zen- it believe that enlightenment come suddenly and will not come conventualy- you need to go to a monastery to remove yourself from distractions of lifeStudents sit down with teach and teacher give them questions called koons (riddles)Judaism-- Exodus is most important, because it influences everything afterward- it is broken down into three part 1 rescue 2 law 3 covenantcovenant is a contract, both parties have a responsibility, responsibility of Hebrews is to obey the laws (commandments) - makes Jews chosen people After exodus Jews go back to land promised to them Jews establish new form of government, a monarchyMost important king was David because he was so powerfulWas followed by son Solomon, who was a jerk, also he worshipped Gods of other nations and spent a lot of money and put country in debtcountry had a civil war because north rebelled against taxes in 922The Northern Kingdom was destroyed in 721, was not brought under Jewish control until 1948In 63 Hebrews came under roman control In 70 the Jews rebelled against the Romans, the Romans crushed rebellion and famous temple was destroyed, Jews were driven from homelandSouthern part was taken in 70 known as the DiasporaEvery place Jews went they were minority and were persecutedJews were segregated and had to live in ghettos, looked toward each other for supportin 1790 napoleon decided Jews should have political equalityJews asked themselves if they could still practice religion in new world-4 answers1 no-became secular Jews 2 yes, became traditionalist (orthodox) 3 yes, but will have to adapt modernist(reform) 4 will only change religion when it is really necessary(conservative)Torah- means to teach or guidePentatorah-means 5 writingsOrthodoxies think that Torah is the word of God so must be interpreted literallyReform- only believe what is real out of TorahCommandment in Torah telling people what to eat are dietary laws-KashrutTorah says that it is okay to eat split hoof and chew cudcan not eat flesh-eating birds seafood have to have fins and scaleskosher means ok to eat, have to be killed in kosher manner(slit throat with sharp knife drain bloodcan not eat milk and meat together Orthodox Jews obey law strictlyModernist say that they had these laws were to be different from public, also health and hygiene was important then Judaism assumes existence of God he is living, active, powerful involved in everyday lifeJudaism is monotheistic but started out henotheisticwe are different from animals because b/c we are images of god also are rational, free to make choices, self-awarenessJudaism reject dualism(spiritual=good, physical=evil) believe that both are goodIf humans are good then it should be encouraged sin is any act that is contrary to will of god(commandment,Torrah)People are encourage to do Mitzrothoif you can make a wrong right)Rosh Hashanah-Jewish New Year usually in September-means to praise God and is a good time to examine ones lifeRosh Hashanah-beginning if 10 day examination of past year, 10 days ends with Yom Kippur( the day of forgiveness) -day long ceremony where you fast and tell God sinsThe law of Judaism--Ceremonial law, and social law10 commandments were developed into 613 lawsTorah tells history of Jews and contains laws that are the means to salvation(right relationship with God)Every one can not obey all laws because they take about famous templein temple there are a lot of animal sacrificestemple was destroyed and never rebuilt, one wall still stands and is called temple mountTo contemperary Jews known as the Wailing wall-most holy place for JewsSynagogue-place for public worship-means to come together3 functions of synagogue-house of worship, house of study, house of fellowshippubic worship is done on the Sabbath-starts sundown Friday to sundown sat ------------------------------------------------------------------------**Bibliography**. ommunityMuhammad set up his first mosque in Yathrib, where many early rules about worship and social regulation were worked out.
Common topics in this essay:
Deer Park,
Born Katshyra,
Judaism-- Exodus,
Located Mecca,
Orthodox Jews,
Yom Kippur,
Diaspora Jews,
Commandment Torah,
Allah God,
Yathrib Muhammad,
learned humans,
learned humans subject,
temple destroyed,
bright presence,
famous temple,
8 fold,
muhammad share,
obey laws,
black meteorite,
abu bakr,
allah god,
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Acceptance Essays
